Genome characterization of Long Island tick rhabdovirus, a new virus identified in Amblyomma americanum ticks

Background: Ticks are implicated as hosts to a wide range of animal and human pathogens. The full range of microbes harbored by ticks has not yet been fully explored. Methods: As part of a viral surveillance and discovery project in arthropods, we used unbiased high-throughput sequencing to examine viromes of ticks collected on Long Island, New York in 2013. Results: We detected and sequenced the complete genome of a novel rhabdovirus originating from a pool of Amblyomma americanum ticks. This virus, which we provisionally name Long Island tick rhabdovirus, is distantly related to Moussa virus from Africa. Conclusions: The Long Island tick rhabdovirus may represent a novel species within family Rhabdoviridae

VII: Problem behaviors

Here we report our findings for school problems, delinquent behaviors, cigarette use, alcohol use, and marijuana use

VI: Academic functioning

In this chapter, we first report changes in academic achievement, followed by the results for educational and occupational expectations and aspirations. We then present the results for several different indicators of academic motivational beliefs and perceptions of the school environment, ending with a summary of the finding

X: Integrative Summary

In this monograph, we have examined the development of a large number of adolescents from diverse socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds. Overall, these young Americans showed much stronger evidence of positive than problematic development, even at their most vulnerable times. Absolute levels of their engagement in healthy behaviors, supportive relationships with parents and friends, and positive self‐perceptions and psychological well‐being were much higher than their angry and depressive feelings, engagement in risky behaviors, and negative relationships with parents and peers. We did not find much evidence that adolescence is a time of heightened risk. Rather, most of these adolescents experienced relatively stable and developmentally healthy trajectories across a wide range of beliefs, behaviors, emotional functioning, and relationships, with slight increases or decreases at different points in development that varied across domains. That said, however, some developmental periods were riskier than others, depending on the outcome assessed as well as the gender and race/ethnicity of the adolescent. An examination of the entirety of adolescence (ages 12–20) allows us to pinpoint when, on average, such changes occurred

VIII: Family characteristics

In this chapter, we report our findings for two aspects of the parent–dolescent relationship: (a) parental control, which includes attitudes and practices concerning adolescents’ compliance with, and maintenance of, parental rules and regulations and (b) parental support and closeness, which includes positive aspects of the parent–adolescent relationship

IX: Peer characteristics

In this chapter, we summarize our findings for both positive aspects of peer relationships (peer communication, peer support, and positive friends) and negative aspects of peer relationships (negative friends and peer drug norms). These different measures were chosen, in part, to parallel our parent measures. For example, we have parent and peer measures of support and communication as well as assessments of positive and negative aspects of both types of relationships. This allowed us to assess the nature of changes in our adolescents’ relationships with their parents versus their peers. Although there is great deal of interest in the changes in these two social contexts, very few studies have looked at changes over time in both contexts. This is quite odd given the amount of rhetoric linking these two systems and suggesting that adolescence is largely about the conjoint declines in connections with one's parents and increases in one's connections with one's peers. One of our main goals was to help to fill this void. Our results are shown in Tables 17 and 18 and Figure 6

III: Preliminary analyses and analytic plan

In this chapter, we describe our preliminary analyses and analytic plan. The preliminary analyses were focused on several aspects of construct validity. We first distinguish between construct invariance and measurement invariance as two different approaches to establishing that our scales mean the same thing to adolescents categorized as African American or European American and female or male. We then consider the extent to which (a) correlations between the same construct assessed at different points in time provide evidence of convergent validity and (b) correlations between a given construct and theoretically similar and dissimilar construct provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. Given that our assessment of construct invariance (described below) revealed some differences in the magnitude and direction of correlations for the R/E discrimination measures across the four R/E and gender groups, we next describe our analysis of measurement invariance for these measures. Finally, we provide an overview of the HLM analyses that were used to examine the growth curve trajectories in Chapters IV through IX and describe how the results are presented in tables and figures