320 research outputs found
Dating of streamwater using tritium in a post nuclear bomb pulse world: continuous variation of mean transit time with streamflow
Tritium measurements of streamwater draining the Toenepi catchment, a small dairy farming area in Waikato, New Zealand, have shown that the mean transit time of the water varies with the flow rate of the stream. Mean transit times through the catchment are 2â5 years during high baseflow conditions in winter, increasing to 30â40 years as baseflow decreases in summer, and then dramatically older water during drought conditions with mean transit time of more than 100 years. Older water is gained in the lower reaches of the stream, compared to younger water in the headwater catchment. The groundwater store supplying baseflow was estimated from the mean transit time and average baseflow to be 15.4 Ă 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of water, about 1 m water equivalent over the catchment and 2.3 times total annual streamflow. Nitrate is relatively high at higher flow rates in winter, but is low at times of low flow with old water. This reflects both lower nitrate loading in the catchment several decades ago as compared to current intensive dairy farming, and denitrification processes occurring in the older groundwater. Silica, leached from the aquifer material and accumulating in the water in proportion to contact time, is high at times of low streamflow with old water. There was a good correlation between silica concentration and streamwater age, which potentially allows silica concentrations to be used as a proxy for age when calibrated by tritium measurements. This study shows that tritium dating of stream water is possible with single tritium measurements now that bomb-test tritium has effectively disappeared from hydrological systems in New Zealand, without the need for time-series data
Carrier-envelope-offset dynamics and stabilization of femtosecond pulses
Abstract. : We analyze and stabilize fluctuations of the relative phase between the carrier and the envelope of a mode-locked laser. Mechanisms generating fluctuations of the carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) phase are experimentally identified in lasers with and without prisms for dispersion compensation. One mechanism is amplitude-to-phase coupling via self-steepening. This mechanism translates power changes into variations of the CEO phase. A similar but much stronger effect is caused by beam-pointing variations in lasers with intracavity prisms. Both mechanisms convert power noise of the laser into phase noise and can be used to externally control or stabilize the CEO frequency by adjusting the pump power. Our measurements are well explained by a theoretical model. This investigation allowed us to obtain an unsurpassed stabilization of the CEO phase to 0.02rad rms for a frequency range from 0.01Hz to 10kHz. We extend the discussion to pulse-amplification schemes and show that beam-pointing variations are also expected to have a strong influence on the CEO phase of amplified pulses. We discuss methods to reduce or avoid CEO noise by suitable design of the dispersion-compensation scheme, both in oscillators and in amplifier
On the feasibility of pentamode mechanical metamaterials
Conceptually, all conceivable three-dimensional mechanical materials can be
built from pentamode materials. Pentamodes also enable to implement
three-dimensional transformation acoustics - the analogue of transformation
optics. However, pentamodes have not been realized experimentally to the best
of our knowledge. Here, we investigate inasmuch the pentamode theoretical ideal
suggested by Milton and Cherkaev in 1995 can be approximated by a metamaterial
with current state-of-the-art lithography. Using numerical calculations
calibrated by our fabricated three-dimensional microstructures, we find that
the figure of merit, i.e., the ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus, can
realistically be made as large as about 1,000.Comment: 4 pages and 5 figure
Mermin-Ho vortex in ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensates
The Mermin-Ho and Anderson-Toulouse coreless non-singular vortices are
demonstrated to be thermodynamically stable in ferromagnetic spinor
Bose-Einstein condensates with the hyperfine state F=1. The phase diagram is
established in a plane of the rotation drive vs the total magnetization by
comparing the energies for other competing non-axis-symmetric or singular
vortices. Their stability is also checked by evaluating collective modes.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates with Many Vortices
Vortex-lattice structures of antiferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein
condensates with hyperfine spin F=1 are investigated theoretically based on the
Ginzburg-Pitaevskii equations near . The Abrikosov lattice with clear
core regions are found {\em never stable} at any rotation drive .
Instead, each component prefers to shift the core
locations from the others to realize almost uniform order-parameter amplitude
with complicated magnetic-moment configurations. This system is characterized
by many competing metastable structures so that quite a variety of vortices may
be realized with a small change in external parameters.Comment: 4 page
Exact results on the dynamics of multi-component Bose-Einstein condensate
We study the time-evolution of the two dimensional multi-component
Bose-Einstein condensate in an external harmonic trap with arbitrary
time-dependent frequency. We show analytically that the time-evolution of the
total mean-square radius of the wave-packet is determined in terms of the same
solvable equation as in the case of a single-component condensate. The dynamics
of the total mean-square radius is also the same for the rotating as well as
the non-rotating multi-component condensate. We determine the criteria for the
collapse of the condensate at a finite time. Generalizing our previous work on
a single-component condensate, we show explosion-implosion duality in the
multi-component condensate.Comment: Two-column 6 pages, RevTeX, no figures(v1); Added an important
reference, version to appear in Physical Review A (v2
The Use of Mobile Electronic Devices for Public Health Data Collection and Syndromic Surveillance at the Republic Of Sierra Leone Armed Forces
Public health data collection methods in Sierra Leone were compared. First, a household health census was conducted with some interviewers using paper-based forms requiring later data entry and others using tablet computers for immediate electronic data inputting. Electronic data-entry surveys were more time-efficient and accurate than paper-based surveys. In a second evaluation, military Medical Inspection rooms (MIRs) sent syndromic surveillance reports to a central communications hub via cell phone or paper-based forms. The report compliance rate was 89% for daily SMS and 100% for weekly SMS versus 76% for weekly paper reports. Electronic data collection and reporting is feasible and cost-efficient in low-resource settings.Keywords: mobile phones, text messaging, database management systems, census methods, sentinelsurveillanc
Finite temperature theory of the trapped two dimensional Bose gas
We present a Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theoretical treatment of the
two-dimensional trapped Bose gas and indicate how semiclassical approximations
to this and other formalisms have lead to confusion. We numerically obtain
results for the fully quantum mechanical HFB theory within the Popov
approximation and show that the presence of the trap stabilizes the condensate
against long wavelength fluctuations. These results are used to show where
phase fluctuations lead to the formation of a quasicondensate.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Quantum Vortex in a Vectorial Bose-Einstein Condensate
Quantum vortices in the multi-component Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) are
investigated theoretically. It is found that three kinds of the vortex
configurations are possible and their physical properties are discussed in
details, including the density distribution and the spin texture. By using the
Bogoliubov theory extended to the three component BEC, the collective modes for
these vortices are evaluated. The local vortex stability for these vortices are
examined in light of the existence of the negative eigenvalue, yielding a
narrow magnetization window for the local intrinsic stable region where the
multi-components work together to stabilize a vortex in a self-organized way.Comment: 8 pages, 14 eps figure
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