Air quality across a European hotspot:spatial gradients, seasonality, diurnal cycles and trends in the Veneto region, NE Italy

The Veneto region (NE Italy) lies in the eastern part of the Po Valley, a European hotspot for air pollution. Data for key air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, O3, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5) measured over 7 years (2008/2014) across 43 sites in Veneto were processed to characterise their spatial and temporal patterns and assess the air quality. Nitrogen oxides, PM and ozone are critical pollutants frequently breaching the EC limit and target values. Intersite analysis demonstrates a widespread pollution across the region and shows that primary pollutants (nitrogen oxides, CO, PM) are significantly higher in cities and over the flat lands due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The spatial variation of air pollutants at rural sites was then mapped to depict the gradient of background pollution: nitrogen oxides are higher in the plain area due to the presence of strong diffuse anthropogenic sources, while ozone increases toward the mountains probably due to the higher levels of biogenic ozone-precursors and low NO emissions which are not sufficient to titrate out the photochemical O3. Data-depth classification analysis revealed a poor categorization among urban, traffic and industrial sites: weather and urban planning factors may cause a general homogeneity of air pollution within cities driving this poor classification. Seasonal and diurnal cycles were investigated: the effect of primary sources in populated areas is evident throughout the region and drives similar patterns for most pollutants: road traffic appears the predominant potential source shaping the daily cycles. Trend analysis of experimental data reveals a general decrease of air pollution across the region, which agrees well with changes assessed by emission inventories. This study provides key information on air quality across NE Italy and highlights future research needs and possible developments of the regional monitoring network

Urban air quality in a mid-size city — PM2.5 composition, sources and identification of impact areas: From local to long range contributions

Urban air quality represents a major public health burden and is a long-standing concern to European citizens. Combustion processes and traffic-related emissions represent the main primary particulate matter (PM) sources in urban areas. Other sources can also affect air quality (e.g., secondary aerosol, industrial) depending on the characteristics of the study area. Thus, the identification and the apportionment of all sources is of crucial importance to make effective corrective decisions within environmental policies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impacts of different emissions sources on PM2.5 concentrations and compositions in a mid-size city in the Po Valley (Treviso, Italy). Data have been analyzed to highlight compositional differences (elements and major inorganic ions), to determine PM2.5 sources and their contributions, and to evaluate the influence of air mass movements. Non-parametric tests, positive matrix factorization (PMF), conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) have been used in a multi-chemometrics approach to understand the areal-scale (proximate, local, long-range) where different sources act on PM2.5 levels and composition. Results identified three levels of scale from which the pollution arose: (i) a proximate local scale (close to the sampling site) for traffic non-exhaust and resuspended dust sources; (ii) a local urban scale (including both sampling site and areas close to them) for combustion and industrial; and (iii) a regional scale characterized by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. This approach and results can help to develop and adopt better air quality policy action

Hybrid multiple-site mass closure and source apportionment of PM2.5 and aerosol acidity at major cities in the Po Valley

This study investigates the major chemical components, particle-bound water content, acidity (pH), and major potential sources of PM2.5 in major cities (Belluno, Conegliano, Vicenza, Mestre, Padua, and Rovigo) in the eastern end of the Po Valley. The measured PM2.5 mass was reconstructed using a multiple-site hybrid chemical mass closure approach that also accounts for aerosol inorganic water content (AWC) estimated by the ISORROPIA-II model. Annually, organic matter accounted for 31-45% of the PM2.5 at all sites, followed by nitrate (10-19%), crustal material (10-14%), sulfate (8-10%), ammonium (5-9%), elemental carbon (4-7%), other inorganic ions (3-4%), and trace elements (0.2-0.3%). Water represented 7-10% of measured PM2.5. The ambient aerosol pH varied from 1.5 to 4.5 with lower values in summer (average in all sites 2.2±0.3) and higher in winter (3.9±0.3). Six major PM2.5 sources were quantitatively identified with multiple-site positive matrix factorization: secondary sulfate (34% of PM2.5), secondary nitrate (30%), biomass burning (17%), traffic (11%), re-suspended dust (5%), and fossil fuel combustion (3%). Biomass burning accounted for ∼90% of total PAHs. Inorganic aerosol acidity was driven primarily by secondary sulfate, fossil fuel combustion (decreasing pH), secondary nitrate, and biomass burning (increasing pH). Secondary nitrate was the primary driver of the inorganic AWC variability. A concentration-weighted trajectory (multiple-site) analysis was used to identify potential source areas for the various factors and modeled aerosol acidity. Eastern and Central Europe were the main source areas of secondary species. Less acidic aerosol was associated with air masses originating from Northern Europe owing to the elevated presence of the nitrate factor. More acidic particles were observed for air masses traversing the Po Valley and the Mediterranean, possibly due to the higher contributions of fossil fuel combustion factor and the loss of nitric acid due to its interaction with coarse sea-salt particles

Determining the influence of different atmospheric circulation patterns on PM10 chemical composition in a source apportionment study

This study combines a set of chemometric analyses with a source apportionment model for discriminating the weather conditions, local processes and remote contributions having an impact on particulate matter levels and chemical composition. The proposed approach was tested on PM10 data collected in a semi-rural coastal site near Venice (Italy). The PM10 mass, elemental composition and the water soluble inorganic ions were quantified and seven sources were identified and apportioned using the positive matrix factorization: sea spray, aged sea salt, mineral dust, mixed combustions, road traffic, secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate. The influence of weather conditions on PM10 composition and its sources was investigated and the importance of air temperature and relative humidity on secondary components was evaluated. Samples collected in days with similar atmospheric circulation patterns were clustered on the basis of wind speed and direction. Significant differences in PM10 levels and chemical composition pointed out that the production of sea salt is strongly depending on the intensity of local winds. Differently, typical primary pollutants (i.e. from combustion and road traffic) increased during slow wind regimes. External contributions were also investigated by clustering the backward trajectories of air masses. The increase of combustion and traffic-related pollutants was observed when air masses originated from Central and Northwestern Europe and secondary sulfate was observed to rise when air masses had passed over the Po Valley. Conversely, anthropogenic contributions dropped when the origin was in the Mediterranean area and Northern Europe. The chemometric approach adopted can discriminate the role local and external sources play in determining the level and composition of airborne particulate matter and points out the weather circumstances favoring the worst pollution conditions. It may be of significant help in designing local and national air pollution control strategies

Term birth weight and ambient air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy, among women living in Monroe County, New York

Increased ambient air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy have been associated with reduced birth weight, but the etiologically relevant pregnancy time window(s) is/are unclear. In 76,500 singleton births in Monroe County, NY (2005–2016), who were 37–42 gestational weeks at delivery, we used generalized linear models to regress term birth weight against mean gestational month pollutant concentrations, adjusting for mean temperature, and maternal, infant, and medical service use characteristics. Overall, there were no clear patterns of term birth weight change associated with increased concentrations of any pollutant across gestational months. However, among Hispanic women only, increases in all pollutants, except O3, in multiple gestational months, were associated with decreased term birth weight. Each 3.25 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration in the 6th gestational month was associated with a −20.4 g (95% CI = −34.0, −6.8) reduction in term birth weight among Hispanic women, but a 4.1 g (95% CI = −2.5, 10.8) increase among non-Hispanic mothers (p for interaction < 0.001). Although ambient air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy were not associated with reduced term birth weight among women of all ethnicities living in Monroe County, this observed association in Hispanic mothers may be a result of less exposure misclassification and bias (due to closer residential proximity to the monitoring site)

GC-MS analyses and chemometric processing to discriminate the local and long-distance sources of PAHs associated to atmospheric PM2.5

Purpose . This study presents a procedure to differentiate the local and remote sources of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods. Data were collected during an extended PM2.5 sampling campaign (2009–2010) carried out for 1 year in Venice-Mestre, Italy, at three stations with different emissive scenarios: urban, industrial, and semirural background. Diagnostic ratios and factor analysis were initially applied to point out the most probable sources. In a second step, the areal distribution of the identified sources was studied by applying the discriminant analysis on factor scores. Third, samples collected in days with similar atmospheric circulation patterns were grouped using a cluster analysis on wind data. Local contributions to PM2.5 and PAHs were then assessed by interpreting cluster results with chemical data. Results. Results evidenced that significantly lower levels of PM2.5 and PAHs were found when faster winds changed air masses, whereas in presence of scarce ventilation, locally emitted pollutants were trapped and concentrations increased. This way, an estimation of pollutant loads due to local sources can be derived from data collected in days with similar wind patterns. Long-range contributions were detected by a cluster analysis on the air mass back-trajectories. Results revealed that PM2.5 concentrations were relatively high when air masses had passed over the Po Valley. However, external sources do not significantly contribute to the PAHs load. Conclusions. The proposed procedure can be applied to other environments with minor modifications, and the obtained information can be useful to design local and national air pollution control strategies

Long-term trends in submicron particle concentrations in a metropolitan area of the northeastern United States

Significant changes in emission sources have occurred in the northeastern United States over the past decade, due in part to the implementation of emissions standards, the introduction and addition of abatement technologies for road transport, changes in fuel sulfur content for road and non-road transport, as well as economic impacts of a major recession and differential fuel prices. These changes in emission scenarios likely affected the concentrations of airborne submicron particles. This study investigated the characteristics of 11–500 nm particle number concentrations and their size spectra in Rochester, NY during the past 15 years (2002 to 2016). The modal structure, diurnal, weekly and monthly patterns of particle number concentrations are analyzed. Long-term trends are quantified using seasonal-trend decomposition procedures based on “Loess”, Mann-Kendall regression with Theil-Sen slope and piecewise regression. Particle concentrations underwent significant (p < 0.05) downward trends. An annual decrease of −323 particles/cm3/y (−4.6%/y) was estimated for the total particle number concentration using Theil-Sen analysis. The trends were driven mainly by the decrease in particles in the 11–50 nm range (−181 particles/cm3/y; −4.7%/y). Slope changes were investigated annually and seasonally. Piecewise regression found different slopes for different portions of the overall period with the strongest declines between 2005 and 2011/2013, followed by small upward trends between 2013 and 2016 for most size bins, possibly representing increased vehicular traffic after the recovery from the 2008 recession

Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement

A total of 85 PM2.5 samples were collected at a site located in a large industrial zone (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) during a 1-year-long sampling campaign. Samples were analyzed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan, and results were processed to investigate the seasonal patterns, the relationship between the analyzed species, and the most probable sources by using a set of tools, including (i) conditional probability function (CPF), (ii) conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), (iii) concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and (iv) potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses. Furthermore, the importance of biomass combustions to PM2.5 was also estimated. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 54 and 16 μg m−3 in the cold and warm period, respectively. The mean value of total ions was 11 μg m−3 (range 1–46 μg m−3): The most abundant ion was nitrate with a share of 44 % followed by sulfate (29 %), ammonium (14 %), potassium (4 %), and chloride (4 %). Levoglucosan accounted for 1.2 % of the PM2.5 mass, and its concentration ranged from few ng m−3 in warm periods to 2.66 μg m−3 during winter. Average concentrations of levoglucosan during the cold period were higher than those found in other European urban sites. This result may indicate a great influence of biomass combustions on particulate matter pollution. Elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC) showed similar behavior, with the highest contributions during cold periods and lower during summer. The ratios between biomass burning indicators (K+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, levoglucosan, EC, and OC) were used as proxy for the biomass burning estimation, and the contribution to the OC and PM2.5 was also calculated by using the levoglucosan (LG)/OC and LG/PM2.5 ratios and was estimated to be 29 and 18 %, respectively

Prescription appropriateness of anti-diabetes drugs in elderly patients hospitalized in a clinical setting: evidence from the REPOSI Register

Diabetes is an increasing global health burden with the highest prevalence (24.0%) observed in elderly people. Older diabetic adults have a greater risk of hospitalization and several geriatric syndromes than older nondiabetic adults. For these conditions, special care is required in prescribing therapies including anti- diabetes drugs. Aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness and the adherence to safety recommendations in the prescriptions of glucose-lowering drugs in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the REgistro POliterapie-Società Italiana Medicina Interna (REPOSI) that collected clinical information on patients aged ≥ 65 years acutely admitted to Italian internal medicine and geriatric non-intensive care units (ICU) from 2010 up to 2019. Prescription appropriateness was assessed according to the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria and anti-diabetes drug data sheets.Among 5349 patients, 1624 (30.3%) had diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. At admission, 37.7% of diabetic patients received treatment with metformin, 37.3% insulin therapy, 16.4% sulfonylureas, and 11.4% glinides. Surprisingly, only 3.1% of diabetic patients were treated with new classes of anti- diabetes drugs. According to prescription criteria, at admission 15.4% of patients treated with metformin and 2.6% with sulfonylureas received inappropriately these treatments. At discharge, the inappropriateness of metformin therapy decreased (10.2%, P < 0.0001). According to Beers criteria, the inappropriate prescriptions of sulfonylureas raised to 29% both at admission and at discharge. This study shows a poor adherence to current guidelines on diabetes management in hospitalized elderly people with a high prevalence of inappropriate use of sulfonylureas according to the Beers criteria

Diversité, évolution et écologie virale (des communautés aux génotypes. Analyse bioinformatique de métagénomes viraux)

Les virus sont omniprésents dans la biosphère et infectent vraisemblablement l'ensemble des êtres vivants. Au sein des écosystèmes, ils ont ainsi un impact sur la diversité des populations microbiennes, l'évolution des génomes de ces populations, et directement ou indirectement sur les cycles biogéochimiques majeurs. Leur caractère protéiforme et l'absence de marqueur unique (tant génétique que physique) font toutefois de l'exploration de la diversité virale une tâche complexe, de telle sorte que nos connaissances sur ces communautés virales environnementales sont encore très limitées. La métagénomique, ou séquençage massif et aléatoire de fragments nucléotidiques extraits d'un prélèvement, offre un point de vue unique sur les génomes viraux. Ce type d'approche, récemment développé, a ainsi mis en évidence la richesse extraordinaire des populations virales environnementales, tant du point de vue des gènes que des génotypes. C'est dans ce cadre de l'étude des communautés virales de l'environnement par métagénomique que se sont inscrits les travaux de cette thèse, organisée autour de quatre axes principaux : Le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'analyses adaptées aux spécificités des génomes et métagénomes viraux par la mise en place du serveur web Metavir, premier serveur dédié à l'analyse des viromes. Proposant aujourd'hui un ensemble cohérent d'outils pour différents types de viromes, Metavir compte plus de 300 utilisateurs pour plus de 2000 viromes analysés. Le potentiel fonctionnel des génomes viraux a pu être approché par l'étude conjointe d'un ensemble de viromes. Après une analyse rigoureuse des contaminations potentielles, nous avons pu confirmer que les génomes viraux comprenaient un ensemble limité mais non négligeable de gènes associés au métabolisme cellulaire. La plupart des virus agissent ainsi certainement directement sur le métabolisme de la cellule hôte durant l'infection. La prépondérance des paramètres environnementaux, et particulièrement de la salinité, en tant que facteurs structurant les communautés virales aquatiques a également pu être mise en avant. La distance géographique entre prélèvements semble n'avoir qu'une influence secondaire, confirmant la capacité importante de dispersion des capsides virales. Une adaptation locale semble toutefois exister dans certains cas, notamment en cas de compétition importante entre les résistances développées par les hôtes et les capacités d'infection des virus. Enfin, différentes familles de petits virus à ADN simple brin ont pu être caractérisées par une méta-analyse de viromes. Leur apparente simplicité a ainsi révélé des mécanismes d'évolution plus complexes que prévus, impliquant différents cycles et capacités de transfert de gènes jusqu ici plutôt considérés comme l'apanage des virus à ADN double brin, et remettant en cause les séparations admises entre les différents groupes de virus sur la base de la nature de leur génome. En permettant une étude depuis l'échelle de la communauté jusqu'à des génotypes spécifiques, les viromes constituent des outils de choix pour caractériser la diversité virale, appréhender les différents facteurs régulant ces communautés, et ainsi mieux comprendre la place des virus dans la biosphère. De plus, ces études ont confirmé l'existence d'interactions étroites entre virus et organismes cellulaires, ces interactions semblant nombreuses, multiples dans leurs natures et conséquences, et présentes tout au long de l'histoire du vivant. Ces nouvelles connaissances apportées par l'analyse de viromes permettent donc d'aborder certaines questions fondamentales concernant l'origine des grandes innovations évolutives ou le fonctionnement global des écosystèmes.Viruses likely infect every organism on Earth (in some cases even other viruses!), and represent vast morphological and genetic diversity. Not surprisingly given their numerical dominance, viruses significantly impact ecosystems through regulating microbial populations, driving major biogeochemical cycles, and shaping the evolution of hosts genomes. However, our understanding of viruses in nature is primitive, especially because the majority of environmental viral genomes remains uncharacterized. Metagenomics (i.e. random and massive sequencing of genomic fragments isolated from a sample) applied to encapsidated genetic templates provides a unique perspective on the viral pangenome. The first viral metagenomes (or viromes) generated entire sets of new questions about viral diversity, especially concerning their genetic and species richness. This work was set within this frame of viral diversity study through metagenomics, and organized into four main themes : The development of bioinformatics tools adapted to the specific features of viral genomes and metagenomes led to the release of Metavir, the first web server dedicated to virome analysis. Providing a comprehensive set of connected tools, Metavir has now been used by more than 300 users in the analysis of more than 2000 viromes. The functions encoded within viral genomes were for the first time thoroughly examined, following a rigorous examination of a set of published viromes toward contamination by cellular DNA. A new picture of the viral functional potential could thus be drawn, which confirmed that the range of cellular functions encoded in viral genomes is wider than the one retrieved from the complete genomes currently available, though not as great as previously estimated. The study of the aquatic viral metagenomes also revealed the importance of salinity in the distribution of viral communities across the globe. The ubiquitous distribution of most viral genotypes confirmed that viral particles seem to be able to move across any distance on Earth. Viruses are thus likely selected based on factors such as the presence of their host in the samples and the competition with other parasites, which can still drive local adaptations. Finally, viromes were used to better characterize the diversity of different ssDNA viral families. Despite their small size and relative simplicity, these viruses were found to harbor unexpectedly complex cycles and evolutionary mechanisms, in particular a great potential of recombination and gene transfer. Overall, the new genomes assembled from viromes notably challenge the separation between viruses based on the nature of their genome. Eventually, as illustrated by these different works and analyses, viromes are unique and extremely powerful tool to assess and characterize viral genetic diversity. Moreover, considering the tight links between viral and cellular worlds, insights into the viral communities provided by metagenomics make it possible to address fundamental questions such as the origin of important evolutive innovations or the functioning of ecosystems, so that these results are of interest for the whole field of biology.CLERMONT FD-Bib.électronique (631139902) / SudocSudocFranceF