Clinical Ethics Consultation – a Particular Form of Valuation

Clinical ethics consultation is a relatively young field of expertise that supports ethically reflected decision-making. This process shakes up the existing hierarchy in two ways; first, by involving further perspectives in a structured and transparent way, and, second, by shifting the focus to a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary view. A major challenge for those providing clinical ethics consultation is building trust, which involves being considerate towards the needs of patients, relatives and healthcare professionals as well as towards customs and organizational culture. As this service emphasizes the relational aspect of medical care, it is difficult to realize within existing institutional frameworks. This paper explores how clinical ethics consultation developed and changed over the past few decades alongside an evolving understanding of respect for patient autonomy within an ethics of care approach. One of the most influential images related to clinical ethics consultation marks the beginning of this era, however, it also signifies some of the limitations and challenges of the practice still valid nearly 60 years after the first clinical ethics committee had been installed.Clinical ethics consultation is a relatively young field of expertise that supports ethically reflected decision-making. This process shakes up the existing hierarchy in two ways; first, by involving further perspectives in a structured and transparent way, and, second, by shifting the focus to a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary view. A major challenge for those providing clinical ethics consultation is building trust, which involves being considerate towards the needs of patients, relatives and healthcare professionals as well as towards customs and organizational culture. As this service emphasizes the relational aspect of medical care, it is difficult to realize within existing institutional frameworks. This paper explores how clinical ethics consultation developed and changed over the past few decades alongside an evolving understanding of respect for patient autonomy within an ethics of care approach. One of the most influential images related to clinical ethics consultation marks the beginning of this era, however, it also signifies some of the limitations and challenges of the practice still valid nearly 60 years after the first clinical ethics committee had been installed

Doping Sanctions in Sport: Knowledge and Perception of (Legal) Consequences of Doping—An Explorative Study in Austria

Anti-doping rule violations (ADRVs) can lead to sports-related and legal sanctions, thus, being knowledgeable is important. Research into this knowledge and how athletes and their support personnel (ASP) perceive the control mechanisms and the appropriateness of (legal) sanctions is still scarce. This explorative study aimed to examine the knowledge and perception of existing (legal) sanctions in Austria, by distributing a questionnaire to Austrian athletes and ASP covering the topics of knowledge related to legal and sports-related consequences associated with a specific ADRV presented in a case study, their trust and satisfaction with specific agencies (based on the European Social Survey (ESS)) and perceived efficiency and effectiveness of the doping control system. Data were analyzed descriptively. All respondents (N = 59) agreed on a ban from sport to be appropriate. Knowledge about legal consequences and the trust in the judiciary and the sport governing bodies was moderate (6.82 out of 10). Perceived appropriate consequences were on average higher than the likely sanctions to be faced. Future prevention should include trust building measures in the institutions and the control system, improvement in terms of access to law and education for the target group and critical reflection on the existence of social norms. Furthermore, the implementation of risk management aspects should be part of future approaches