A Review of Fiber-Reinforced Injection Molding: Flow Kinematics and Particle Orientation

The existing flow and particle orientation models applicable to fiber- reinforced injection molding are reviewed. After a brief description of injection molding, previous studies on the flow kinematics and fiber reinforcement are presented. Basics of Hele-Shaw flows are described Including the commonly used viscosity models and foun tain flow effects. Some of the existing models for particle orientation are analyzed with particular emphasis on the amsotropic description of the material system. Concentration regions for short fiber suspensions are defined and relevant constitutive equations are dis cussed. A few example solutions are also given which describe the three-dimensional ori entation field for the filling of a sudden expansion cavity, depicting skin-core orientation structure.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Integrating sequence and array data to create an improved 1000 Genomes Project haplotype reference panel

A major use of the 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP) data is genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we develop a method to estimate haplotypes from low-coverage sequencing data that can take advantage of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray genotypes on the same samples. First the SNP array data are phased to build a backbone (or 'scaffold') of haplotypes across each chromosome. We then phase the sequence data 'onto' this haplotype scaffold. This approach can take advantage of relatedness between sequenced and non-sequenced samples to improve accuracy. We use this method to create a new 1000GP haplotype reference set for use by the human genetic community. Using a set of validation genotypes at SNP and bi-allelic indels we show that these haplotypes have lower genotype discordance and improved imputation performance into downstream GWAS samples, especially at low-frequency variants. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved