Effective Assistance of Counsel: In Quest of a Uniform Standard of Review

Nearly a decade ago, the United States Supreme Court in McMann v. Richardson held that the sixth amendment right to counsel was a right to effective assistance of counsel. The Court declared that criminal defense attorneys must act within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases, \u27\u27 and that trial judges must strive ... to maintain proper standards of performance by attorneys ... in their courts. The Court has not elaborated, however, on what conduct the right to effective counsel requires of both defense counsel and the trial judge, or the procedure by which appellate review can best protect it. The authors contend that the problem of ineffective assistance of counsel can only be resolved by establishing a uniform categorical standard for reviewing ineffective-assistance claims. Standards will prevent claims from arising as well as provide a standard of review for appellate courts. This article discusses the constitutional basis of the right to effective assistance, examines current standards used by the courts in evaluating ineffectiveness claims, assesses current proposals for rectifying ineffective representation, and recommends adoption of a guidelines approach as a curative measure

Magnetic Sensor Calibration and Residual Dipole Characterization for Application to Nanosatellites

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83632/1/AIAA-2010-7518-617.pd

On-Orbit Calibration of Photodiodes for Attitude Determination

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140645/1/1.g000175.pd

Satellite Dynamics Simulator Development Using Lie Group Variational Integrator

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90733/1/AIAA-2011-6430-719.pd

Satellite Attitude Determination with Low-Cost Sensors.

This dissertation contributes design and data processing techniques to maximize the accuracy of low-cost attitude determination systems while removing pre-flight calibration requirements. This enables rapid development of small spacecraft to perform increasingly complex missions. The focus of this work is magnetometers and sun sensors, which are the two most common types of attitude sensors. Magnetometer measurements are degraded by the magnetic fields of nearby electronics, which traditionally limit their utility on satellites unless a boom is used to provide physical separation between the magnetometer and the satellite. This dissertation presents an on-orbit, attitude-independent method for magnetometer calibration that mitigates the effect of nearby electronics. With this method, magnetometers can be placed anywhere within the spacecraft, and as demonstrated through application to flight data, the accuracy of the integrated magnetometer is reduced to nearly that of the stand-alone magnetometer. Photodiodes are light sensors that can be used for sun sensing. An individual photodiode provides a measurement of a single sun vector component, and since orthogonal photodiodes do not provide sufficient coverage due to photodiode field-of-view limitations, there is a tradeoff between photodiode orientation and sun sensing angular accuracy. This dissertation presents a design method to optimize the photodiode configuration for sun sensing, which is also generally applicable to directional sensors. Additionally, an on-orbit calibration method is developed to estimate the photodiode scale factors and orientation, which are critical for accurate sun sensing. Combined, these methods allow a magnetometer to be placed anywhere within a spacecraft and provide an optimal design technique for photodiode placement. On-orbit calibration methods are formulated for both types of sensors that correct the sensor errors on-orbit without requiring pre-flight calibration. The calibration methods are demonstrated by application to on-orbit data, and attitude determination accuracies of 0.5 degrees 1-sigma are achieved with commercial-off-the-shelf magnetometers, photodiodes, and a MEMS rate gyroscope, which to the author's knowledge, is the best accuracy reported in the literature for this class of sensors.PhDAerospace EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102312/1/jspringm_1.pd

Adaptive State Estimation for Nonminimum-Phase Systems with Uncertain Harmonic Inputs

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90727/1/AIAA-2011-6315-484.pd

Energy embodied in household cookery: the missing part of a sustainable food system? Part 1: A method to survey and calculate representative recipes

This paper firstly reviews the current state of knowledge on sustainable cookery and the environmental impacts of the food consumption phase. It then uses the example of a dish of roast beef and Yorkshire pudding to explore energy use in food production and consumption. Part 1 of this paper conducts a meta-analysis of 33 roast beef and Yorkshire pudding recipes in order to create a representative recipe for analysis. Part 2 of this paper then uses life cycle assessment and energy use data is coupled with the representative recipe of roast beef and Yorkshire pudding, to calculate the embodied energy of the meal. Seven interventions are modelled to illustrate how sustainable cookery can play a role as part of a sustainable food system. Interventions show that sustainable cookery has the potential to reduce cookery related energy use by 18%, and integrating sustainable cookery within a sustainable food system has the potential to reduce the total energy use by 55%. Finally, the paper discusses the issue of how the adoption of the sustainable cookery agenda may help or hinder attempts to shift consumers towards sustainable diets

Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts

Modelled estimates of the environmental burden associated with low meat consumption suggest that substantial benefits could accrue from shifts in diet. However, modelled dietary scenarios may not reflect true dietary practice and have not previously accounted for variation in the environmental burden of food due to sourcing and production methods. We link dietary data from a sample of 55,504 vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters with food-level data on greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O and three aggregated measures of CO2 equivalents), land use, water use, eutrophication risk and potential biodiversity loss from a review of 570 life cycle assessments covering more than 38,000 farms in 119 countries. By conducting Monte Carlo analyses drawing from food-level distributions of the environmental indicators that are due to variations in sourcing and production methods we estimate both mean impact and 95% uncertainty intervals for each diet group. We find that for all of the environmental indicators there is a positive association with amount of animal-based food consumed. Dietary impacts for vegans were 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval: 15.1% - 37.0%) of high meat-eaters (>=100g total meat consumed per day) for greenhouse gas emissions, 25.1% (7.1% - 44.5%) for land use, 46.4% (21.0% - 81.0%) for water use, 27.0% (19.4% - 40.4%) for eutrophication and 34.3% (12.0% - 65.3%) for biodiversity. Large differences (at least 30% for GHG emissions, eutrophication, and land use) in the environmental impact of diets are also observed between low (<50g/d) and high meat-eaters. Although there is substantial variation in environmental indicators due to where and how food is produced, the resultant uncertainty does not obscure the strong relationship between animal-based food consumption and environmental impact. Debate about sourcing and production of foods should therefore not prevent action aimed at reducing consumption of animal-based foods