O jogo como recurso pedagógico um desafio na Educação Infantil

This research intends to analyze the contributions of the play and of the game as pedagogic resources for the learning process and of development of the child's human universities. For this, she leans in the authors of the Theory Historical-Cultural, Vygotsky and their followers, trying to proceed a discussion line that includes: the psychic development from the birth even the preschool age; the importance and contribution of the social experience for the human development; the main activities that involve the first three stages of the childhood; the form of the adult's performance in the area of close development and finally the importance of the teacher's mediation and his performance as creator of new possibilities. The performance with the teachers, in an institution of Infantile Education, through the research-action made possible subsidies that related theory and practice, and the reached results evidenced the importance of the play and of the game in this stage of Basic Education.Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar as contribuições do jogo e da brincadeira como recursos pedagógicos para o processo de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento das faculdades humanas da criança. Para isto, apóia-se nos autores da Teoria Histórico Cultural, Vygotsky e seus seguidores, procurando seguir uma linha de discussão que abrange: o desenvolvimento psíquico desde o nascimento até a idade pré-escolar; a importância e contribuição da experiência social para o desenvolvimento humano; as atividades principais que envolvem as três primeiras etapas da infância; a forma de atuação do adulto na zona de desenvolvimento próximo e por fim a importância da mediação do professor e a sua atuação como criador de novas possibilidades. A atuação direta com os professores, numa instituição de Educação Infantil, através da pesquisa-ação-participante possibilitou subsídios que relacionaram teoria e prática, e os resultados alcançados evidenciaram a importância do jogo e da brincadeira nesta etapa de Educação Básic

ACEITABILIDADE E QUALIDADE DOS PRODUTOS DE PESCADO DESENVOLVIDOS PARA A ALIMENTAÇÃO ESCOLAR DA BAIXADA SANTISTA

A qualidade nutricional e a aceitabilidade sensorial dos produtos de pescado, tipo nuggets e almôndegas, foram determinadas para a introdução na alimentação escolar do município de Santos, SP. Quatro formulações de nuggets e de almôndegas de pescado foram desenvolvidas e testadas sensorialmente para a escolha do melhor produto. As análises da composição centesimal do pescado e dos produtos formulados foram realizadas seguindo os métodos da A.O.A.C. Os testes de aceitabilidade dos nuggets e almôndegas foram executados em duas escolas de ensino fundamental de Santos, empregando escala hedônica facial mista de cinco pontos. Os teores médios de proteínas e lipídeos, para o pescado, foram de 14,2% e 2,9%, enquanto os valores médios de proteína dos nuggets e das almôndegas foram de 10,5% e 12,7%, respectivamente. Os índices de aceitação obtidos foram de 92,4% para os nuggets e de 89,4% para as almôndegas. O emprego dos produtos de pescado na alimentação escolar mostrou-se adequada nutricionalmente, atendendo a todas as recomendações da resolução no 38/2009. O cardápio 1, constituído de salada de tomate, nuggets, arroz e feijão, alcançou valor energético de 309kcal e 13,8g de proteínas; valores aproximados foram calculados para o cardápio 2 composto por almôndegas e macarrão ao molho de tomate (336kcal e 14g de proteína). A espécie Betara mostrou ser uma excelente matéria-prima para o desenvolvimento dos produtos, sendo que os mesmos foram muito bem aceitos pelos escolares e apresentaram signifi cativo valor nutricional

Easy Storage Strategies for Sporothrix spp. Strains

The present study evaluated the maintenance of Sporothrix spp. (6 Sporothrix brasiliensis; 6 S. schenckii; 5 S. mexicana, and 3 S. globosa) in saline at 4 degrees C, and in 10% glycerol plus either 10% lactose or 10% sucrose, at -20 degrees C and -80 degrees C. Viability was assessed after 3, 6, and 9 months of storage, through the recovery of strains on potato dextrose agar and analysis of macro- and micromorphological features. Conidium quantification was performed before and after storage, at 3, 6 and 9 months. 100% viability was observed, regardless of storage conditions or time period. Storage at 4 degrees C and at -20 degrees C did not alter the number of conidia, but lower conidium counts were observed at -80 degrees C. This study shows that the combination of glycerol with lactose or sucrose is effective to maintain Sporothrix spp. at freezing temperatures.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Ceara, Grad Program Med Microbiol, Specialized Med Mycol Ctr, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Sch Med, Christus Coll, UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Dept Stat & Appl Math, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Grad Program Med Sci, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Estadual Ceara, Grad Program Vet Sci, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: PROTAX 562296/2010-7CNPq: 304779/2011-3CNPq: 504189/2012-3Web of Scienc

Introduction STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2022

Abstract —J. BLUNDEN, T. BOYER, AND E. BARTOW-GILLIES Earth’s global climate system is vast, complex, and intricately interrelated. Many areas are influenced by global-scale phenomena, including the “triple dip” La Niña conditions that prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean nearly continuously from mid-2020 through all of 2022; by regional phenomena such as the positive winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation that impacted weather in parts the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Indian Ocean dipole that impacted weather in parts of the Southern Hemisphere; and by more localized systems such as high-pressure heat domes that caused extreme heat in different areas of the world. Underlying all these natural short-term variabilities are long-term climate trends due to continuous increases since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases. In 2022, the annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 417.1±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. Global mean tropospheric methane abundance was 165% higher than its pre-industrial level, and nitrous oxide was 24% higher. All three gases set new record-high atmospheric concentration levels in 2022. Sea-surface temperature patterns in the tropical Pacific characteristic of La Niña and attendant atmospheric patterns tend to mitigate atmospheric heat gain at the global scale, but the annual global surface temperature across land and oceans was still among the six highest in records dating as far back as the mid-1800s. It was the warmest La Niña year on record. Many areas observed record or near-record heat. Europe as a whole observed its second-warmest year on record, with sixteen individual countries observing record warmth at the national scale. Records were shattered across the continent during the summer months as heatwaves plagued the region. On 18 July, 104 stations in France broke their all-time records. One day later, England recorded a temperature of 40°C for the first time ever. China experienced its second-warmest year and warmest summer on record. In the Southern Hemisphere, the average temperature across New Zealand reached a record high for the second year in a row. While Australia’s annual temperature was slightly below the 1991–2020 average, Onslow Airport in Western Australia reached 50.7°C on 13 January, equaling Australia's highest temperature on record. While fewer in number and locations than record-high temperatures, record cold was also observed during the year. Southern Africa had its coldest August on record, with minimum temperatures as much as 5°C below normal over Angola, western Zambia, and northern Namibia. Cold outbreaks in the first half of December led to many record-low daily minimum temperature records in eastern Australia. The effects of rising temperatures and extreme heat were apparent across the Northern Hemisphere, where snow-cover extent by June 2022 was the third smallest in the 56-year record, and the seasonal duration of lake ice cover was the fourth shortest since 1980. More frequent and intense heatwaves contributed to the second-greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Glaciers in the Swiss Alps lost a record 6% of their volume. In South America, the combination of drought and heat left many central Andean glaciers snow free by mid-summer in early 2022; glacial ice has a much lower albedo than snow, leading to accelerated heating of the glacier. Across the global cryosphere, permafrost temperatures continued to reach record highs at many high-latitude and mountain locations. In the high northern latitudes, the annual surface-air temperature across the Arctic was the fifth highest in the 123-year record. The seasonal Arctic minimum sea-ice extent, typically reached in September, was the 11th-smallest in the 43-year record; however, the amount of multiyear ice—ice that survives at least one summer melt season—remaining in the Arctic continued to decline. Since 2012, the Arctic has been nearly devoid of ice more than four years old. In Antarctica, an unusually large amount of snow and ice fell over the continent in 2022 due to several landfalling atmospheric rivers, which contributed to the highest annual surface mass balance, 15% to 16% above the 1991–2020 normal, since the start of two reanalyses records dating to 1980. It was the second-warmest year on record for all five of the long-term staffed weather stations on the Antarctic Peninsula. In East Antarctica, a heatwave event led to a new all-time record-high temperature of −9.4°C—44°C above the March average—on 18 March at Dome C. This was followed by the collapse of the critically unstable Conger Ice Shelf. More than 100 daily low sea-ice extent and sea-ice area records were set in 2022, including two new all-time annual record lows in net sea-ice extent and area in February. Across the world’s oceans, global mean sea level was record high for the 11th consecutive year, reaching 101.2 mm above the 1993 average when satellite altimetry measurements began, an increase of 3.3±0.7 over 2021. Globally-averaged ocean heat content was also record high in 2022, while the global sea-surface temperature was the sixth highest on record, equal with 2018. Approximately 58% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave in 2022. In the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand’s longest continuous marine heatwave was recorded. A total of 85 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemisphere storm seasons, close to the 1991–2020 average of 87. There were three Category 5 tropical cyclones across the globe—two in the western North Pacific and one in the North Atlantic. This was the fewest Category 5 storms globally since 2017. Globally, the accumulated cyclone energy was the lowest since reliable records began in 1981. Regardless, some storms caused massive damage. In the North Atlantic, Hurricane Fiona became the most intense and most destructive tropical or post-tropical cyclone in Atlantic Canada’s history, while major Hurricane Ian killed more than 100 people and became the third costliest disaster in the United States, causing damage estimated at $113 billion U.S. dollars. In the South Indian Ocean, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai dropped 2044 mm of rain at Commerson Crater in Réunion. The storm also impacted Madagascar, where 121 fatalities were reported. As is typical, some areas around the world were notably dry in 2022 and some were notably wet. In August, record high areas of land across the globe (6.2%) were experiencing extreme drought. Overall, 29% of land experienced moderate or worse categories of drought during the year. The largest drought footprint in the contiguous United States since 2012 (63%) was observed in late October. The record-breaking megadrought of central Chile continued in its 13th consecutive year, and 80-year record-low river levels in northern Argentina and Paraguay disrupted fluvial transport. In China, the Yangtze River reached record-low values. Much of equatorial eastern Africa had five consecutive below-normal rainy seasons by the end of 2022, with some areas receiving record-low precipitation totals for the year. This ongoing 2.5-year drought is the most extensive and persistent drought event in decades, and led to crop failure, millions of livestock deaths, water scarcity, and inflated prices for staple food items. In South Asia, Pakistan received around three times its normal volume of monsoon precipitation in August, with some regions receiving up to eight times their expected monthly totals. Resulting floods affected over 30 million people, caused over 1700 fatalities, led to major crop and property losses, and was recorded as one of the world’s costliest natural disasters of all time. Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Petrópolis received 530 mm in 24 hours on 15 February, about 2.5 times the monthly February average, leading to the worst disaster in the city since 1931 with over 230 fatalities. On 14–15 January, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano in the South Pacific erupted multiple times. The injection of water into the atmosphere was unprecedented in both magnitude—far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year satellite record—and altitude as it penetrated into the mesosphere. The amount of water injected into the stratosphere is estimated to be 146±5 Terragrams, or ∼10% of the total amount in the stratosphere. It may take several years for the water plume to dissipate, and it is currently unknown whether this eruption will have any long-term climate effect.</jats:p