Effect of premature rupture of membranes on the maternal and fetal prognosis during childbirth at the gynecology-obstetrics department of the Matam Communal Medical Center, Conakry, Guinea

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (RPM) is defined by rupture of the amnion and chorion before entering labor within 24 hours leading to vaginal discharge of amniotic fluid without uterine contractions. Objective of this study was to improving the management of premature Ruptures of the membranes received in the service.Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical prospective study lasting six months from January 1 to June 30 2016.Results: During the study period, we collected 108 cases of RPM out of 1543 deliveries, representing a hospital frequency of 7%. RPM had more frequently concerned pregnant women aged 25-29 (37.04%), housewife (37.03%), primiparous (45.37%) and referral (52.78%). 95.37% were single pregnancies with cephalic presentation (80%) received between 37-42 weeks (84.26%). Management mainly consisted of antibiotic prophylaxis (100%), fetal pulmonary maturation and childbirth. The vagina was the main mode of delivery (62.04%). The maternal prognosis was dominated by chorioamnionitis (12.96%). The fetal one was made up of respiratory distress (40.71%) and prematurity (12.39%).Conclusions: RPM is frequent at the Matam municipal medical center. It is essential for its prevention to ensure health education of the population in general and genital hygiene in particular, to make a coherent prenatal follow-up while putting a particular accent on the detection and the treatment of genital infections

Fetal death in utero: epidemiological aspects, management and maternal prognosis in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the community medical centre of Ratoma

Background: Fetal death in utero (FDIU) often represents a tragedy badly lived, sometimes incomprehensible. It is considered as a failure of pregnancy's progress and monitoring. It is a frequent problem in obstetrical practice. Objective of study was to contribute to the study of FDIU in the maternity ward of the Ratoma municipal medical center.Methods: This was a prospective study of analytical type conducted over a period of 6 months from 1 January to 30 June 2017.Results: During this study period, we recorded 54 cases of FDIU out of a total of 1256 deliveries, or a frequency of 4.3%. The average age of our patients was 28.5 years with extremes of 16 to 39 years, the most represented age group was 25 to 34 years, with a frequency of 44.4%. The absence of active fetal movement was the main reason for consultation, with a frequency of 51.9%, and housewives were the most affected, with a frequency of 61.1%. The 70.4% of our patients gave birth by vaginal delivery and oxytocin was the most commonly used drug for induction of labor, i.e., 77.8%. The immediate maternal prognosis was 100% favorable and no case of maternal death was recordedConclusions: In-utero fetal death is a frequent obstetrical pathology, the awareness of women for the realization of ANC as well as the early management of risk factors detected during ANC constitutes an element of great importance. Therefore, a regular follow-up of all pregnant women even in the absence of risk factors proves necessary

Acceptability of contraceptive implants at the maternity ward of the Matam Communal Medical Center

Background: World Health Organization (WHO), defines contraception as "the use of agents, devices, methods or procedures to decrease the likelihood of conception or avoid it". In Africa, only 24% of women of childbearing age have access to a modern contraceptive method. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of use of the contraceptive implant, to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the users, to identify the reasons for the choice of the method and to assess the degree of satisfaction of the clients.Methods: The study was conducted at the Matam Communal Medical Center on level 2 of the health pyramid in Guinea. This was a 12-month cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study (June 2017 to May 2018), including all women admitted for desire for contraception and who agreed to choose the implant as a contraceptive method.Results: The study involved 512 clients. The proportion of female users was 26.21%. The average age was 27.8 years, the main users were women of liberal trade, married, multiparous. The main reasons for choice cited by clients were the effectiveness and long duration of action of the method, i.e. 35.2% and 30.9% respectively. The majority of providers of the method were represented by midwives (73.3%) and the degree of client satisfaction with the method was 97%.Conclusions: The implant is a long-acting method of contraction. It is frequently used at the Communal Medical Center of Matam. Its efficient use would involve effective counselling

Management of pre-eclampsia and its complications in the department of gynecology and obstetrics at Donka national hospital Conakry, Guinea

Background: Vascular-renal syndrome, also known as pre-eclampsia, is a condition specific to pregnancy, usually occurring in the last trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women are sometimes at risk of unpredictable obstetrical complications such as: hemorrhage, kidney failure, HELLP syndrome, sometimes even brain damage requiring prompt care and multidisciplinary collaboration. Vascular-renal syndromes are the third leading cause of maternal death and also the world's leading cause of perinatal death. Objectives of this study were to analyse the management of vascular-renal syndromes. Calculate their frequency, describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients, describe the clinical and biological signs of patients, evaluate the maternal-fetal prognosis.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Donka National Hospital. It was a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, 6-month study from March 1st to August 31st, 2015, of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia.Results: The study included 217 cases of pre-eclampsia out of a total of 3054 patients, i.e. a proportion of 7.10%. The proportion of pre-eclampsia was high in patients aged between 15 and 19 years, housewife, married, primary. The predisposing factors were primigestitis, obesity and twinkling. The clinic was dominated by headaches and visual disturbances. Severe preeclampsia in 78.49%, eclampsia in 21.65% or simple hypertension in 1.75%. Maternal and fetal complications were dominated by eclampsia 26.26%, PPH (2.63%), eclamptic coma (0.46%), acute fetal distress 27.19%, and fetal death in utero (11.40%). In order to improve maternal and fetal prognosis it is necessary to provide multidisciplinary care, which unfortunately is not always available in our context.Conclusions: Obstetric emergency is a frequent situation for which a better management would improve the maternal-fetal prognosis

Machine Translation for Nko: Tools, Corpora and Baseline Results

Currently, there is no usable machine translation system for Nko, a language spoken by tens of millions of people across multiple West African countries, which holds significant cultural and educational value. To address this issue, we present a set of tools, resources, and baseline results aimed towards the development of usable machine translation systems for Nko and other languages that do not currently have sufficiently large parallel text corpora available. (1) Fria$\parallel$el: A novel collaborative parallel text curation software that incorporates quality control through copyedit-based workflows. (2) Expansion of the FLoRes-200 and NLLB-Seed corpora with 2,009 and 6,193 high-quality Nko translations in parallel with 204 and 40 other languages. (3) nicolingua-0005: A collection of trilingual and bilingual corpora with 130,850 parallel segments and monolingual corpora containing over 3 million Nko words. (4) Baseline bilingual and multilingual neural machine translation results with the best model scoring 30.83 English-Nko chrF++ on FLoRes-devtest

Synthèse, caractérisation et évaluation des propriétés biologiques d'acides hydroxamiques et de leurs complexes de fer (II), fer (III), nickel (II), cuivre (II) et zinc (II)

Les infections microbiennes causées par des agents pathogènes résistants aux thérapies sont en hausse dans le monde. Ce problème touche non seulement les pays développés mais surtout les pays en voie de développement. Dans les milieux ruraux, les habitants n’ont pas accès aux conditions sanitaires appropriées. La majorité des hôpitaux de l’Afrique sub-saharienne sont cités parmi les plus faibles du monde en termes de qualité de soins et de moyens disponibles. La prolifération des officines pharmaceutiques « clandestines » qui échappent au contrôle des États minés par la corruption et le laxisme est un signe de la difficulté d’apporter des solutions satisfaisantes aux problèmes de la population. Cet état de fait entraine un trafic frauduleux et un large usage de « faux médicaments » par la population. Le manque de traitements efficaces est l’une des causes des maladies infectieuses présentant une résistance aux antibiotiques. Face à ces fléaux, il est nécessaire de développer de nouveaux agents antimicrobiens.Les acides hydroxamiques (AH) présentent diverses propriétés biologiques contre les bactéries, les champignons, les virus et les cellules cancéreuses. Ils sont aussi de puissants inhibiteurs d’enzymes tels que les hydrolases, l’uréase, la tyrosinase, l’élastase, l’aminopeptidase, les peroxydases, les métalloprotéinases, les histones déacétylases, la peptide déformylase et les anhydrases carboniques. L'activité antimicrobienne des AH convertis en leurs chélates métalliques est améliorée par rapport aux composés non-complexés. La fonction hydroxamate est souvent décrite comme étant à l’origine de l’activité biologique. Cependant, la lipophilie et le type de métal de coordination dans les complexes pourraient être des éléments importants influençant les activités antimicrobiennes de ces composés chimiques.C’est dans cette optique que nous avons synthétisé et caractérisé quarante-deux composés dont six AH et trente-six complexes de Fe (II/III), de Ni (II), de Cu (II) et de Zn (II) à chaines carbonées C2, C6, C8, C10, C12 et C17. En ce qui concerne le choix des métaux, nous avons dû sélectionner un nombre raisonnable d'éléments chimiques pour limiter l'ampleur du travail. Nous avons opté pour des métaux connus pour leurs propriétés antibactériennes mais aussi sur ceux qui sont considérés comme moins toxiques pour l'homme, afin de déterminer leurs propriétés anti-infectieuses et cytotoxiques. Le choix de ces métaux se justifie de la sorte :• Fe :nombreux exemples de complexes de Fe antibactériens et toxicité relativement faible pour les cellules humaines.• Ni :connu comme toxique pour les cellules humaines mais nous aimerions analyser l'indice de sélectivité.• Cu :utilisé dans les revêtements de surfaces antibactériennes et nombreuses références de complexes de Cu antibactériens. Le cuivre et ses dérivés ne présentent pas d’effets toxiques par voie cutanée.• Zn :déjà utilisé en pratique clinique en dermatologie et comme composé antibactérien et antifongique (exemples :ZnO et undécylénate de Zn). Le zinc est faiblement toxique par inhalation et par voie orale.Nous avons évalué les propriétés antibactériennes et antifongique des AH et leurs complexes sur sept bactéries (quatre à Gram positif et trois à Gram négatif), quatre mycobactéries et un champignon. En outre, leurs effets antibiofilm ont été évalués sur trois souches de Mycobacterium (M. bovis BCG, M. marinum et M. tuberculosis) et sur le Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La cytotoxicité des composés ayant une activité antimicrobienne significative a été évaluée sur des cellules cancéreuses du col de l’utérus (SiHa). Les AH à chaîne carbonée C10 et C12 ont montré une activité antimicrobienne alors que leurs homologues à C2, C6 et C8 ont été inactifs. Cela montre que la lipophilie due à la longueur de chaîne carbonée influence les propriétés antibactériennes et antifongiques. Les complexes de Fe (II/III) à C6 et C8 ont présenté une activité sur Staphylococcus aureus sensible à la méticilline alors que les AH correspondants sont inactifs sur cette même souche. L’amélioration de l’activité des AH lorsqu’ils sont complexés, déjà observée dans des travaux précédents, est corroborée par ces résultats. Avec les complexes de Zn (II) et le ZnCl2, une inhibition de l’Escherichia coli a été observée. Indépendamment de la longueur de la chaîne carbonée, les propriétés antibactériennes peuvent être tributaires de la nature du métal de coordination. Les résultats sur les propriétés antimicrobiennes de l’AH à C12 ont montré un effet bactéricide sur Staphylococcus aureus sensible à la méticilline, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli et un effet fongicide sur le Candida albicans. L’effet des complexes de Fe (II/III) à C12 sur le Mycobacterium smegmatis est bactériostatique. Les propriétés antifongiques des complexes de Ni (II) et Cu (II) à C12 sur Candida albicans montrent qu’ils ont une action inhibitrice (fongistatique) alors que leur homologue de Zn (II) est fongicide sur la même souche. Tous les AH et leurs complexes étudiés dans cette recherche sont inactifs sur Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Klebsiella pneumoniae.Le processus de formation du biofilm chez le M. bovis et le M. tuberculosis est plus sensible aux complexes de Fe (II/III) à chaîne carbonée ≥ C8. L’inhibition de la formation du biofilm du M. marinum est observée avec un effet plus significatif qu’avec les complexes de Fe (III) à C8, C10 et de Ni (II) à C8. La formation de biofilm du Pseudomonas aeruginosa n’est affectée par la série de complexes utilisés lors du test qu’à des concentrations élevées. A part l’inhibition de la formation du biofilm des trois souches du Mycobacterium par ces composés, aucun effet inhibiteur significatif sur le M. bovis et le M. marinum n’a été observé avec l’ensemble des AH et leurs complexes. L’inhibition de la formation du biofilm peut en effet être observée indépendamment d’un effet sur la croissance des micro-organismes pathogènes.Bien que présentant un large spectre d'activités antimicrobiennes, l’AH à C12 est néanmoins cytotoxique sur les cellules SiHa. Ses complexes de Ni (II), de Cu (II) et Zn (II) à effet antifongique significatif sur le Candida albicans ont une cytotoxicité plus modérée sur ces mêmes cellules. Ces résultats montrent que les AH et leurs complexes à C12 pourraient être utilisés pour le développement de nouveaux composés antibactériens et antifongiques. Cependant, il serait intéressant de déterminer leur mécanisme d'action précis sur les micro-organismes et aussi envisager des tests pharmacologiques éventuels in vivo.Hydroxamic acids (HA) exhibit various biological properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses and cancer cells. HA are also potent inhibitors of enzymes such as hydrolases, urease, tyrosinase, elastase, aminopeptidase, peroxidases, metalloproteinases, histone deacetylases, peptide deformylase and carbonic anhydrases. The antimicrobial activity of HA converted to their metal chelates is enhanced compared to uncomplexed compounds. The hydroxamate function is often described as the source of biological activity. However, the lipophilicity and the type of coordination metal in the complexes could be important elements influencing the antimicrobial activities of these chemical compounds.With aforementioned objective, a total of forty-two compounds including six AH and thirty-six complexes of Fe(II/III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with carbon chains at C2, C6, C8, C10, C12 and C17 were synthesized and characterized. We had to select only some metals to limit the extent of the work. We focused on metals well known for their antibacterial properties and on those considered as less toxic to humans, in order to analyze their selectivity between infectious agents and human cells. We justify that choice as follows:• Fe: many examples of antibacterial Fe complexes and relatively low toxicity to human cells.• Ni: known as toxic to human cells but we would like to analyze the selectivity index.• Cu: used in antibacterial surfaces coatings and numerous references of Cu complexes for antibacterial. Copper and complexes are relatively less toxic by skin route.• Zn: already used in clinical practice in dermatology, as antibacterial and antifungal compound (examples: ZnO and Zn undecylenate). Zinc has low toxicity by inhalation and oral pathway.We evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal properties of HA and their complexes against seven bacteria (four Gram- positive and three Gram- negative), four mycobacteria and one fungi. In addition, their antibiofilm effects were realized against three strains of Mycobacterium (M. bovis BCG, M. marinum and M. tuberculosis) and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of selective compounds was evaluated against cervical cancer cells (SiHa).HA with C10 and C12 carbon chain showed antimicrobial activity while their counterparts at C2, C6 and C8 were inactive. This shows that the lipophilicity due to the carbon chain length influences the antibacterial and antifungal properties more. The Fe(II/III) complexes at C6 and C8 exhibited activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the corresponding HA are inactive against the same strain. The improvement in the activity of HA when they are complexed, already observed in previous work, is corroborated by these results. With Zn(II) complexes and ZnCl2, inhibition of Escherichia coli was observed. Regardless of the length of the carbon chain, the antibacterial properties may be dependent on the nature of the coordination metal.The results on the antimicrobial properties of HA at C12 showed a bactericidal effect against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli and a fungicidal effect against Candida albicans. The effect of Fe(II/III) complexes at C12 against Mycobacterium smegmatis is bacteriostatic. The antifungal properties of the complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) at C12 against Candida albicans show an inhibitory action (fungistatic) while their Zn(II) counterpart is fungicidal against the same strain. All HA and their complexes studied in this research were found to be inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.The process of biofilm formation in M. bovis and M. tuberculosis is more sensitive to Fe(II/III) complexes with a carbon chain ≥ C8. The inhibition of M. marinum biofilm formation is observed with a significant effect only with the Fe(III) at C8, C10 and the Ni(II) complex at C8. The formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is only affected by the series of complexes used during assay at high concentrations. Despite the inhibition of the three strains of Mycobacterium biofilm by these compounds, no significant inhibitory effect on M. bovis and M. marinum was observed with all of the HA and their complexes. Inhibition of biofilm formation can indeed be observed without an effect on the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.Although exhibiting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, HA at C12 is nevertheless cytotoxic against SiHa cells. Metal complexes of this derivative with Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) found to be having a significantly antifungal effect against Candida albicans and moderate cytotoxicity against the same cells. These results show that HA and their complexes at C12 could be used for the development of new antibacterial and antifungal compounds. However, it would be necessary to determine their precise mechanism of action against micro-organisms and also consider possible pharmacological assays in vivo.Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie)info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Crystal Structures of a Series of Hydroxamic Acids

The structure of four hydroxamic acids (HA) that show antifungal activities in complexes with several metals is revealed by single crystal diffraction. The structures of HA with C2, C6, C10, and C12 hydrocarbon chains are reported. The smallest member of the series, N-hydroxyacetamide (HA2), crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P21/c while those with longer chain lengths N-hydroxyhexanamide (HA6), N-hydroxydecanamide (HA10), and N-hydroxydodecanamide (HA12) crystallize in the space group P21, and display remarkable packing

Crystal Structures of a Series of Hydroxamic Acids

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Lithofacies and Sediment Sequences of a Microtidal, Wave-Dominated Tropical Estuary in Somone Lagoon (Senegal, West Africa)

Estuary sedimentary sequences have been the focus of several papers in the last decades; however, the majority these papers were centered in mesotidal and macrotidal estuaries of the middle latitudes. This present paper studies, from a sedimentological point of view, the infilling of a microtidal, wave-dominated tropical estuary, where wide tidal flats, mangroves and sabkhas are developed. Somone Lagoon is a Senegalese protected environment, very rich from an ecological point of view and with a definitive touristic vocation. For this work, 14 piston cores were studied. Additionally, the grain size, calcium carbonate and organic matter contents of 61 sediment samples vertically distributed in these cores were analyzed. The distribution of facies and the vertical sequences of sediments show the influence of the tropical seasonal fluctuations of fluvial sediment supply and evaporation processes. A high degree of bioturbation and an elevated organic content can be interpreted as the result of a high capacity of retention of the organic material into the estuary influenced by the weak tidal currents typical of a microtidal regime. These processes, acting since the last Holocene invasion of sea level, caused an advanced state of infilling of this estuarine system where both flood tidal deltas and bay head deltas prograde above the fine facies of the central domain of the estuary