Towards a Muon Collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.Comment: 118 pages, 103 figure

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Erratum:Towards a muon collider

LPT

Erratum: Towards a muon collider

The original online version of this article was revised: The additional reference [139] has been added. Tao Han’s ORICD ID has been incorrectly assigned to Chengcheng Han and Chengcheng Han’s ORCID ID to Tao Han. Yang Ma’s ORCID ID has been incorrectly assigned to Lianliang Ma, and Lianliang Ma’s ORCID ID to Yang Ma. The original article has been corrected

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work

Data-driven modeling of nonlinear materials in normal-conducting magnets

Accurate numerical modeling of normal-conducting accelerator magnets requires a reliable characterization of the iron saturation and hysteresis as well as a precise knowledge of the magnet geometry as built. Computations of the field quality are not easily achieving the accuracy required by the accelerator operation, particularly for eddy-current effects in fast-ramping magnets. This paper proposes a (measurement) data-driven model for the nonlinear magnetization of normal-conducting magnets. The model adopts a volume integral formulation compatible with eddy-current simulations. A two-step updating procedure is applied. The first step is the fitting of material parameters directly in the magnet model. The second step is the updating of the magnetization by measurements of the integral field harmonics. The result is a full-order updated model that can be employed in static or dynamic simulations. Finally, the procedure is validated on an iron-dominated, normal-conducting magnet

A magneto-mechanical model for rotating-coil magnetometers

Rotating-coil magnetometers are among the most common transducers for measuring local and integral magnetic fields of accelerator magnets. The measurement uncertainty strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the shafts, bearings, drive systems, and supports. This paper proposes an analytical mechanical model for rotating-coil magnetometers, which allows a sensitivity analysis of mechanical phenomena affecting magnetic measurements. Both static and dynamic effects are considered. The model is validated numerically with a finite element model, and experimentally on an operational device

Induction-Coil Measurement System for Normal- and Superconducting Solenoids

The magnetic measurement of solenoids relies on different methods to characterize the field quality and locate the magnetic axis. Usually, Hall mappers and stretched-wire systems are used for these tasks. This paper presents an alternative, fluxmetric method to measure the radial field dependence and the magnetic axis with a single instrument. The solenoidal-field transducer is based on a disc-shaped induction-coil array with concentric coils and 90 deg. arc segments mounted on a translation stage. This allows to sample the magnet along its axis and to extract both the longitudinal and transversal field components. The design, development, and validation of the new instrument are described. The induction coil, which is the core of this instrument, is fabricated in printed-circuit board technology, which has become the new standard for these applications. Results of recent measurements of a normal-conducting solenoid magnet are given

IRIS - the Italian research infrastructure on Applied Superconductivity for Particle Accelerators and Societal Applications

The Italian Minister for University and Research has recently funded a large program for an Innovative Research infrastructure on applied Superconductivity in Italy. Based on the LASA lab in Milan it is a partnership among: INFN (leader, participating with 4 labs: Frascati, Genoa, Milan, Salerno); CNR (SPIN institute in Genoa, Naples and Salerno); five Universities: Genoa, Milan, Naples, Salento and Salerno. The infrastructure will expand and coordinate existing infrastructures, with new state of the art instruments for: 1) characterization of new superconducting wires/tapes and cables at high field and large current; 2) for implementing the construction of innovative small scale superconducting magnets or accelerator, beam lines and detectors; 3) developing advanced instrumentation and measurements for magnets and accelerators; 4) for testing large superconducting magnets and high power transmission superconducting lines; 5) for characterization of new superconducting materials and magnetism in matter. IRIS will be a key feature for participation to future projects requiring advanced superconducting technology, like FCC or the Mun-Collider, and also for developing societal applications, especially in the energy domain and the medical sector, of technologies pursued for high-energy accelerators. The paper will illustrate the IRIS project, its 3-year development and the idea to make it an open-access infrastructure

Wearable Biofeedback Suit to Promote and Monitor Aquatic Exercises: A Feasibility Study

Aquatic exercises have been demonstrated to benefit the facilitation of motor recovery and the enhancement of well-being in middle-aged adults and the elderly. Personalization, immersiveness, and biofeedback are key for amplifying and accelerating any rehabilitation process in neurological and orthopedic patients. However, a therapist can neither properly visualize nor monitor rehabilitation exercises executed under water, nor can he/she measure them. Therefore, this paper aims to provide adaptive biofeedback during aquatic exercises in order to enhance the training\u2019s effectiveness. A wearable biofeedback suit equipped with wearable underwater-resistant sensor nodes has been designed, produced, and tested. A dedicated algorithm for quantitatively extracting joint angles has been developed and validated against the optical tracking system. Multiple biofeedback modalities are proposed based on visual feedback: amplitude control with set target angles; velocity-amplitude control with set target angles and angular velocity; and velocity tutor with set target angles, a frequency value, and a rest period. Joint angles estimated using the sensor network are compared to those estimated using an optical tracking system with the rootmean-squared angle error between the two systems ranging from 4.0\u25e6 to 6.3\u25e6 and a significant correlation coefficient that is always greater than 0.99. Pilot tests during aquatic exercises executed in a thermal environment demonstrate the feasibility and usability of the complete system in the final working environment. The relevant angles are correctly calculated and monitored online during the exercises, and the tested subjects understand the implemented biofeedback modalities easily and follow them well as the SUS evaluation indicates