Институт обещания (fides) в архаическом праве: культурно-исторические аспекты

The article is devoted to the specificity of the fides on the basis of the world view and law understanding in the archaic age.В статье содержание, механизм действия fides раскрывается сквозь призму миро-и правопонимания архаической эпохи. Делается вывод, что специфика данного института объясняется культурно-историческими особенностями времени, в условиях которого он действовал

Оптимизация технологии получения препарата бактерий человека для биологической коррекции микрофлоры кишечника

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is now considered as an effective tool for the treatment of various GI pathologies. Fecal preparations are delivered both through the lower GIT (enema, colonoscopy) and upper (endoscopy, capsules). A common disadvantage of instrumental methods of administration is their high invasiveness associated with the risk of intestinal perforation and the use of anesthesia. Oral capsules are minimally invasive, comfortable and more aesthetic, so this method of drug delivery is gaining popularity. The main issue with the use of frozen feces (including the lyophilisate used in capsules) is its efficiency compared to the original material. During lyophilization, cells are exposed to stress factors such as low temperatures, water crystallization, osmotic stress, changes in pH, and dehydration. To reduce the likelihood of cell damage during lyophilization, protective media (lyo-protectants) are used. In this work sucrose, gelatin, and their combinations have been used as lyoprotectors. To estimate the number of microorganisms, a bacteriological study was carried out. The number of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and the total number of E.coli and Enterobacteriaceae was estimated. It was found that the lyophilized stool sample containing 10% sucrose as a protective medium had the highest number of viable cells. Also, the physical properties of the lyophilisate (its flowability) are convenient for preparing capsulated form. The molar ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the original fecal samples and lyophilisates were studied by gas chromatography. The molar ratios of major SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) were identical in the samples studied. The composition of the protective medium in which the lyophilized biomaterial corresponds to the original feces in terms of the number of "live" microorganisms has been proposed. According to its physical characteristics lyophilisate is convenient for capsules preparation.К настоящему моменту эффективность трансплантации фекальной микробиоты (ТФМ) при лечении различных патологий ЖКТ не вызывает сомнений. Препараты фекалий доставляют как через нижние отделы ЖКТ (клизма, колоноскопия), так и верхние (эндоскопия, капсулы). Общим недостатком инструментальных методов введения является их высокая инвазивность, связанная с риском перфорации кишечника и применением анестезии. Пероральные капсулы минимально инвазивны, удобны и более эстетичны, поэтому этот способ доставки препарата становится все более популярным. Основной вопрос, связанный с использованием замороженного кала (в том числе лиофилизата, используемого в капсулах), заключается в эффективности такого препарата по сравнению с исходным материалом. В процессе лиофилизации клетки подвергаются действию стрессовых факторов, таких как низкие температуры, кристаллизация воды, осмотический стресс, изменения рН растворов, дегидратация. Для снижения риска повреждений клеток при лиофилизации используют защитные среды (лиопротекторы). В качестве лиопротекторов в данной работе использовали сахарозу, желатин и их комбинации. Для оценки количества микроорганизмов проводили бактериологическое исследование. Оценивали количество бактерий рода Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia, а также семейства Enterobacterales в целом. Установлено, что в лиофилизированном образце кала, содержащем в качестве защитной среды 10 % сахарозу, наблюдается наибольшее количество жизнеспособных клеток, физические свойства лиофилизата (его сыпучесть) удобны для наполнения капсул. Методом газовой хроматографии исследованы молярные соотношения КЖК в исходных образцах кала и лиофилизатах. Молярные соотношения мажорных короткоцепочечных жирных кислот (КЖК) ацетата, пропионата и бутирата оказались идентичны в исследуемых образцах. Предложен состав защитной среды, в которой лиофилизированный биоматериал максимально соответствует исходному калу по количеству «живых» микроорганизмов. Лиофилизат по своим физическим характеристикам удобен для приготовления капсул

Опыт использования компьютерного тестирования при обучении студентов направления "Химия"

At the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia testing of students of all courses of a bachelor degree and magistracy is widely applied. Authors use tests for current, total and state certifications of graduates in chemistry.В Российском университете дружбы народов широко применяется тестирование студентов всех курсов обучения бакалавриата и магистратуры. Авторами разработаны тесты для рубежной (промежуточной), итоговой и государственной аттестаций выпускников (государственный экзамен по химии)

Flute mode instability of rotating plasma

The influence of rotation on flute instability is studied in the frame of one-fluid magnetohydrodynamics. We consider the simplest model of gravitating cylindrical plasma in the straight nonuniform magnetic field to simulate plasma behavior in mirrors. Using linear stability analysis, we derive dispersion equation and integral expression for the increment of instability. In virtue of this expression, it is shown that rotation itself appears to be destabilizing factor due to centrifugal effect; we prove the corresponding theorem in general. Eigenmode structure and the dependence of the threshold on the frequency of rotation are calculated for linear radial profile of the angular velocity.В рамках одножидкостной магнитной гидродинамики исследуется влияние вращения на желобковую неустойчивость. Предполагается простейшая модель цилиндрической гравитирующей плазмы в прямом неоднородном магнитном поле для моделирования поведения плазмы в зеркальных ловушках. С помощью линейного анализа получено дисперсионное уравнение и интегральное выражение для инкремента неустойчивости. Показано, что в данной постановке задачи вращение из-за центробежного эффекта является сугубо дестабилизирующим фактором; в общем случае доказывается соответствующая теорема. Для линейного радиального профиля угловой скорости вращения рассчитана структура собственных мод и зависимость порога неустойивости от частоты вращения.В рамках однорідинної магнітної гідродинаміки досліджується вплив обертання на желобкову нестійкість. Припускається простіша модель циліндричної гравітуючої плазми в прямому неоднорідному магнітному полі для моделювання поведінки плазми в дзеркальних пастках. За допомогою лінійного аналізу отримано дисперсійне рівняння й інтегральний вираз для інкремента нестійкості. Показано, що в такій постановці задачі обертання завдяки центробіжного ефекту є сугубо дестабілізуючим фактором; в загальному випадку доводиться відповідна теорема. Для лінійного радіального профілю кутової швидкості обертання розраховано структуру власних мод та залежність порога нестійкості від частоти обертання

[Cystic formations of ovaries in women: clinical and morphological features]

Background. Cystic formations of ovaries are an urgent problem of medicine due to the high incidence of these diseases in women, the difficulties of differential diagnosis and a high percentage of diagnostic and tactical mistakes leading to disruption of reproductive function. Objective: to identify the clinical and morphological features of cystic formations of ovaries in women of Kharkiv region on the basis of the analysis of archival material. Methods. The material of this study was archival materials of pathological anatomy department of The Municipal Health Care Institution «Regional Clinical Hospital – The Center of Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine» during 2013 y. 354 cases of histological examination of surgical material – deleted fragments of ovaries due to cystic formations or ovaries in complex with uterus and fallopian tubes due to leiomyoma of uterus – were analyzed. The slides, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, were studied on the microscope «Olympus BX-41». Digital data were processed using statistical methods of investigation. Results. 1. It was established that in women of Kharkiv region among all cystic formations of ovaries tumor-like processes (in order of frequency of occurrence – yellow bodies cysts, follicular cysts, simple cysts, endometrial cysts) occur 5.5 times more frequently in comparison with tumor processes (in order of frequency of occurrence – dermoid cysts, cystadenomas, cystadenocarcinoma). 2. Tumor and tumor-like cystic formations of ovaries occur 4.6 times more frequently in right ovary in comparison with the left. 3. Tumor and tumor-like cystic formations of ovaries were characterized by a certain age. Tumor-like cystic formations of ovaries were typical for younger women (average age of women – 31.03±0.49 year) and tumor cystic formations – for older women (average age of women – 37.70±1.53 years). Among all tumor-like cystic formations of ovaries yellow bodies cysts were typical for younger women, simple cysts – for older women. Among all tumor cystic formations of ovaries benign tumors (dermoid cyst, different variants of cystadenoma) were characteristic for younger women, malignant tumors of ovaries (cystadenocarcinoma) – for older women. Conclusion. These results confirm the relevance of the study: frequent occurrence of studied pathological processes, the young age of women with studied pathology, an opportunity to identify the pathological process at a younger age at the stage of benign growth and thus may prevent its transformation into a malignant tumor. Citation: Sorokina IV, Markovsky VD, Borzenkova IV, Kulakova EA, Myroshnychenko MS, Pliten ON, Myroshnychenko SA. [Cystic formations of ovaries in women: clinical and morphological features]. Morphologia. 2015;9(2):78-84. Russian

Influence of the safety factor inhomogeneity on collisionless current generation in tokamaks

An improved scaling for the current density generated due to collisionless motion of α-particles in a tokamak is proposed. The dependence of the current density on the radial profile of the safety factor q is investigated. Monotonically increasing q profiles are considered, as well as q profiles with a minimum in the axial region of the plasma column. It is shown that the current density depends on the variation in q along the charged particle trajectories, rather than on the q value at the starting magnetic surface. The dependence of the current density on the gradient of q is strongest in the plasma core because of the large deviation of the drift surfaces from the magnetic ones in this region. At the plasma edge, the larger the second derivative of the plasma density, the greater the contribution of the gradient of q. For conventional plasma density profiles, the poloidal-angle-averaged current density calculated for a varying safety factor q is always lower than that calculated for a constant q. The effect of the nonuniformity of the safety factor on the current generation at the magnetic axis of a tokamak is investigated. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Influence of the safety factor inhomogeneity on collisionless current generation in tokamaks

An improved scaling for the current density generated due to collisionless motion of α-particles in a tokamak is proposed. The dependence of the current density on the radial profile of the safety factor q is investigated. Monotonically increasing q profiles are considered, as well as q profiles with a minimum in the axial region of the plasma column. It is shown that the current density depends on the variation in q along the charged particle trajectories, rather than on the q value at the starting magnetic surface. The dependence of the current density on the gradient of q is strongest in the plasma core because of the large deviation of the drift surfaces from the magnetic ones in this region. At the plasma edge, the larger the second derivative of the plasma density, the greater the contribution of the gradient of q. For conventional plasma density profiles, the poloidal-angle-averaged current density calculated for a varying safety factor q is always lower than that calculated for a constant q. The effect of the nonuniformity of the safety factor on the current generation at the magnetic axis of a tokamak is investigated. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Radial electric field and rotation of the ensemble of plasma particles in tokamak

The velocity of macroscopic rotation of an ensemble of charged particles in a tokamak in the presence of an electric field has been calculated in a collisionless approximation. It is shown that the velocity of toroidal rotation does not reduce to a local velocity of electric drift and has opposite directions on the inner and outer sides of the torus. This result is supplemented by an analysis of the trajectories of motion of individual particles in the ensemble, which shows that the passing and trapped particles of the ensemble acquire in the electric field, on the average, different toroidal velocities. For the trapped particles, this velocity is equal to that of electric drift in the poloidal magnetic field, while the velocity of passing particles is significantly different. It is shown that, although the electric-field-induced shift of the boundaries between trapped and passing particles in the phase space depends on the particle mass and charge and is, in the general case, asymmetric, this does not lead to current generation. © 2012 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Geodesic acoustic eigenmode for tokamak equilibrium with maximum of local GAM frequency

The geodesic acoustic eigenmode for tokamak equilibrium with the maximum of local GAM frequency is found analytically in the frame of MHD model. The analysis is based on the asymptotic matching technique. © 2013 Elsevier B.V