Le Cantal, t(r)op rural ?

La DRAC et l\u27ACAL ont rencontré des bibliothécaires du Cantal. Sept professionnelles nous parlent de leur expérience en zone rurale

Aux origines de l'AHEF: Histoire de l'électricité en France, histoire de l'Electricité de France ?

International audienceComment rassembler des « mélanges » en hommage à Alain Beltran sans proposer une réflexion sur l’Association pour l’histoire de l’électricité en France (AHEF), qu’il accompagna dès l’origine avant d’exercer la présidence jusqu’en 2021 du Comité pour l’histoire de l’électricité et de l’énergie qui en a pris la suite ? L’autrice et l’auteur de cet article revendiquent leur proximité collégiale et amicale avec Alain Beltran et assument leur position compréhensive par rapport à une institution dans laquelle ils ont exercé ou exercent toujours des responsabilités. Pour autant, l’apport d’archives inédites, l’analyse des activités et des publications replacées dans leur contexte autorisent une première mise à distance critique de cette histoire très contemporaine, et qui fut parfois sensible

Uncertainty quantification in hydrodynamics bidimensional models : the case of Gironde estuary forecast model

International audienceIn the context of the development and the implementation of data assimilation techniques in Gironde estuary for flood forecasting, a Telemac 2D model is used to calculate water depths and velocity fields at each node of an unstructured mesh. Upstream, the model boundaries are respectively La Réole and Pessac on the Garonne and Dordogne river. The maritime boundary is 32 km off the mouth of Gironde estuary, located in Verdon. This model, which contains 7351 nodes and 12838 finite elements, does not take into account overflows. It has been calibrated on 4 non-overflowing events and then validated on 6 overflowing events. In a first step, a mesh convergence study was carried out in order to evaluate the error related to the spatial discretization and to determine the mesh allowing to obtain results "independent" of it. Three additional meshes obtained by dividing the number of finite elements at each refinement by 4 were realized and used to simulate the event of 2003. It appears that a mesh of intermediate size (approximately 27000 nodes) seems required. In a second step, propagation and quantification of uncertainties by an unidirectional analysis method (creation of a set of 2000 members perturbed for each parameter and input forcings and analysis of output water depths) was carried out on the numerical parameters (wind influence coefficient, Strickler friction coefficients for 4 zones) and forcings of the model (rivers discharges and maritime boundary conditions, meteorological forcings). The objective is to determine the variation coefficient (if possible standardized by the input variation coefficient) of water depths for 13 major events between 1981 and 2016. The exploitation of 1981 event results shows a predominance of the influence of the maritime boundary conditions and the Strickler coefficient corresponding to the zone studied for the estuarine part and the confluence, to which must be added the Garonne discharge as a predominant parameter for the latter. Unsurprisingly, river zones are influenced primarily by the coefficient of friction and the respective river flows of Garonne and Dordogne rivers. The non-normalized variation coefficients were also calculated by taking into account the time shift of the maritime input signal and, independently, the Arpege Ensemble Predictions provided by METEO-FRANCE. The relative influence of the phase shift and the PEARP has also been determined. On the second hand, a variance sensitivity study (ANOVA) was carried out, by calculating the total and partial Sobol indices, integrating the forcing variables time-and/or space dependent. It has led to the identification of parameters and forcings to which the model is most sensitive, as well as their inter-dependencies, in order to choose the variables to assimilate. Finally, it should be noted that this work has already made it possible to create a database of multi-temporal simulations (over 13 time periods) on Gironde estuary that can, after formatting, feed the SWOT simulator for Gironde Estuary, which is used to prepare the Franco-American mission for the study of ocean and continental water depths

Is 25OH Vitamin D Excess before 36 Weeks Corrected Age an Independent Risk Factor for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death?

International audienceLow 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in preterm infants is a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but increased supplementation failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect on BPD. In neonatal animal models, deficiency and excessive vitamin D exposure have been associated with increased mortality and histological alterations in the lung evocative of BPD. Our hypothesis is that 25(OH)D levels ≥ 120 nmol/L are also a risk factor for BPD or death. This retrospective single-center cohort study included only infants born at <31 weeks gestational age without major malformations with at least a determination of 25(OH)D at <36 weeks corrected age and no determination <50 nmol/L. Routine 25(OH)D determination was performed at 1 month and monthly thereafter. A total of 175 infants were included. Infants with BPD or who died had a significantly lower term and weight, but a similar frequency of 25(OH)D ≥120 nmol/L (50.5% vs. 43.9%, p = 0.53). The logistic regression identified weight (OR 0.997, 95% CI [0.995–0.998]) and term (OR 0.737, 95% CI [0.551–0.975]) as significantly associated with BPD or death; the occurrence of excessive 25(OH)D was not significantly associated (OR 1.029, 95% CI [0.503–2.093]). The present study did not demonstrate any significant association between excessive 25(OH)D after one month of age and BPD or death

Global Sensitivity Analysis applied to the Telemac2D numerical forecast model of high water levels in the Gironde estuary

International audienceIn the context of the development and the implementation of data assimilation techniques in Gironde estuary for flood forecasting, a Telemac 2D model is used to calculate water depths and velocity fields at each node of an unstructured mesh. Upstream, the model boundaries arerespectively La Réole and Pessac on the Garonne and Dordogne river. The maritime boundary is 32 km off the mouth of Gironde estuary, located in Verdon.This model, which contains 7351 nodes and 12838 finite elements, does not take into account overflows. It has been calibrated on 4 non-overflowing events and then validated on 6 overflowing events. In a first step, a propagation and quantification of uncertainties by an unidirectional analysis method (creation of a set of 2000 members perturbed for each parameter and input forcings and analysis of output water depths) was carried out on the numerical parameters (wind influence coefficient, Strickler friction coefficients for 4 zones) and forcings of themodel (rivers discharges and maritime boundary conditions, meteorological forcings). The objective is to determine the variation coefficient of water depths for 13 major events between 1981 and 2016. The exploitation of 1981 event results shows a predominance of the influence of the maritime boundary conditions and the Strickler coefficient for the estuarine part and the confluence, to which must be added the Garonne discharge as a predominant parameter for the latter. Unsurprisingly, river zones are influenced primarily by the coefficient of friction and the respective river flows of Garonne and Dordogne rivers.On the second hand, a Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) by variance analysis (ANOVA) was carried out, by calculating the total and partial Sobol’ indices, integrating the time- and/or space dependent forcing variables. It has led to the identification of parameters and forcings to which the model is most sensitive, as well as their inter-dependencies, in order to choose the variables to assimilate. The GSA shows that the tidalsignal imposed at the maritime boundary condition and provided by a more extended surge levels model is the key input variable. Moving from the mouth to the upstream part of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers, the influence of the friction coefficient increases and hydrological forcings have a very local influence upstream the rivers

Uncertainty Quantification for the Gironde Estuary Hydrodynamics with TELEMAC2D

International audienc

A third of premature neonates displayed inadequate 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels before being discharged from a French neonatal intensive care unit

International audienc

A Positive Impact of an Observational Study on Breastfeeding Rates in Two Neonatal Intensive Care Units

We aimed to investigate whether the participation in an observational study on breastfeeding (Doal) modified breastfeeding outcomes in enrolling neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This bi-centric before-and-after study included neonates who were admitted during a 4-month period before and a 4-month period after the implementation of Doal. Breastfeeding intention and breastfeeding rates at discharge were compared between the two periods. The association between inclusion in Doal and breastfeeding at discharge was assessed among the infants fulfilling the inclusion criteria of Doal. The present study included 655 neonates. After adjustments, both breastfeeding (aOR 1.21, 95%CI [1.1; 1.4], p = 0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding (aOR 1.8, 95%CI [1.4; 2.3], p &lt; 0.001) at discharge increased in the period after. Breastfeeding intention was higher in one center in the period after (79%) compared to before (59%, p = 0.019). Compared to the period before, neonates who were not included in Doal in the period after had a lower chance to be breastfed at discharge, whereas those included were more frequently exclusively breastfed. The participation in an observational study on breastfeeding was associated with an increase in breastfeeding outcomes in enrolling neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Patients who are not included deserve attention as they are at risk to be disadvantaged regarding breastfeeding success