Cahier(s) de traduction

Aimé Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, a fundamental text of French literature, is a fluid poem that changes at the same pace as its poet and the world around him. Moreover, we have neither a manuscript of the original version of the poem nor a true definitive version, since the so-called “definitive” version of 1956 is not the last existing version of the text. This fluidity is further complicated by the numerous translations of the Cahier, which multiply the possibilities of reading and interpreting it, because of the movement inherent in any act of translation that introduces diversity into the original text, and because of the fact that these translations are based on different “originals”. In this introduction, after a brief history of the genetic evolution of the poem, we will also highlight the fundamental role played by translation in the evolution of the text, which will allow us to continue its exploration and to contribute to a plural and multilingual reading of Césaire’s work

«Forged from the Love of Liberty». Popular Music, Resistance and Identity in Trinidad and Tobago’s Carnival

Trinidad and Tobago's popular music has served as a resistance strategy to European colonialism, and as a basis for the birth and the development of Trinbagonian identity. Trinidad carnival is a performative ritual of cultural resistance and awakening, claiming a space and celebrating freedom from any kind of oppression, and carnival music has taken a crucial part in the decolonization process, and in the shaping of the culture and the identity of Trinbagonians. Trinidad and Tobago's carnival music is therefore the best evidence that these two islands were «forged from the love of liberty». «Forged from the Love of Liberty». Popular Music, resistenza e identità nel carnevale di Trinidad e TobagoLa musica popolare di Trinidad e Tobago ha rappresentato una strategia di resistenza al colonialismo europeo, e allo stesso tempo è stata la base per la nascita e l'evoluzione di un'identità trinbagoniana. Il carnevale di Trinidad e Tobago è un rituale performativo di risveglio e resistenza culturale, che rivendica uno spazio e celebra la libertà da ogni tipo di oppressione: la musica di esso ha svolto un ruolo decisivo nel processo di decolonizzazione come nella formazione della cultura e dell'identità trinbagoniana. La musica di carnevale di Trinidad e Tobago è dunque la miglior prova del fatto che queste due isole sono state «forgiate dall'amore per la libertà».Trinidad and Tobago's popular music has served as a resistance strategy to European colonialism, and as a basis for the birth and the development of Trinbagonian identity. Trinidad carnival is a performative ritual of cultural resistance and awakening, claiming a space and celebrating freedom from any kind of oppression, and carnival music has taken a crucial part in the decolonization process, and in the shaping of the culture and the identity of Trinbagonians. Trinidad and Tobago's carnival music is therefore the best evidence that these two islands were «forged from the love of liberty». «Forged from the Love of Liberty». Popular Music, resistenza e identità nel carnevale di Trinidad e TobagoLa musica popolare di Trinidad e Tobago ha rappresentato una strategia di resistenza al colonialismo europeo, e allo stesso tempo è stata la base per la nascita e l'evoluzione di un'identità trinbagoniana. Il carnevale di Trinidad e Tobago è un rituale performativo di risveglio e resistenza culturale, che rivendica uno spazio e celebra la libertà da ogni tipo di oppressione: la musica di esso ha svolto un ruolo decisivo nel processo di decolonizzazione come nella formazione della cultura e dell'identità trinbagoniana. La musica di carnevale di Trinidad e Tobago è dunque la miglior prova del fatto che queste due isole sono state «forgiate dall'amore per la libertà»

Cahier d’un voyage autour du "Cahier"

This contribution is partly a personal reflection on the translation of the Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, a key text of Caribbean literature that is in a constant state of flux – because of the different versions published by Césaire, as well its translations – and a travel journal of a research that is itself in a state of flux, between the islands and the words of the poets of the Caribbean archipelago

Un Maran frioulan : le(s) manque(s) de(s) traductions de l’œuvre de René Maran en italien

Un seul texte de René Maran a été traduit vers l’italien, la biographie consacrée à Savorgnan de Brazza, un texte qui n’a été traduit en aucune autre langue. Comme nous le verrons dans cet article, ce choix est dû davantage à l’intérêt pour cette figure clé de l’exploration de l’Afrique et à ses origines frioulanes qu’à l’intérêt pour l’œuvre de Maran. À travers une lecture du paratexte de la traduction, et une analyse de certains choix de traduction significatifs, cet article nous permettra de nous pencher à la fois sur les manques de la seule traduction existante d’un ouvrage de Maran en italien et sur le manque de traductions de son œuvre en cette langue.Only one text by René Maran has been translated into Italian, the biography dedicated to Savorgnan de Brazza, a text that has not been translated into any other language. As we will see in this article, this choice is due more to an interest towards this key figure of African exploration and towards his Friulian origins than to an interest in Maran’s work. Through a reading of the paratext of the translation, and through an analysis of some significant translation choices, this article will allow us to address both the lacks of the only existing translation of a work by Maran into Italian, and the lack of translations of his works into this language

The Postcolonial Epic of the Voiceless Epic Project, Silencing and Narration in Frankétienne, Raharimanana and Roland Rugero

Cet article examine si des récits contemporains postcoloniaux peuvent inventer l'épopée à venir et devenir la nouvelle manifestation du “projet épique”, la tendance perpétuelle de la littérature à représenter les défis auxquels une communauté doit faire face par le biais de la quête individuelle d'un héros. Alors que le poème épique était un récit en vers sur un héros très reconnaissable, tenant le milieu entre un homme et un dieu, se référant à un passé héroïque national, et que le roman moderne est un récit en prose sur un nouveau type de héros, un individu commun qui utilise ses propres capacités pour améliorer sa vie dans le présent, l'épopée contemporaine postcoloniale quant à elle propose un récit en prose irrégulier qui met l'accent sur un héros subalterne qui livre une lutte épique contre les limites qui lui sont imposées par une société qui le méconnaît, lui et son droit d'être représenté, de réaliser quelque chose dans et pour l'avenir

Cibler la source : ce que la génétique des traductions fait aux textes

Ce numéro de Continents manuscrits veut contribuer aux recherches autour de la « génétique des traductions ». Cette discipline naît, comme son nom l’indique, de la génétique des textes, domaine d’investigation interdisciplinaire qui s’intéresse aux mouvements et aux variations du texte littéraire, au processus plutôt qu’au résultat final. Comme l’écrit Henrot Sostero, la génétique textuelle souhaite « mettre au jour les différentes forces qui agitent le processus de création plutôt que de fixer son produit – refusant par là-même de miser sur la valeur dominante d’un texte unique » – et nous donne à voir « le caractère dynamique, labyrinthique, aléatoire, pulsionnel, irrationnel parfois, des processus d’écriture saisis dans l’acte même de créer7 ». Le processus, l’archéologie, le mouvement inconnu et intérieur qui précède la traduction permet de voir comment, en créant un nouveau texte qui tient de sa source (le soi-disant original), elle le décortique et le démonte pour le remonter. On sait depuis longtemps que l’acte d’interprétation et de réinterprétation d’un texte ne peut pas être séparé du processus de construction du sens que l’écriture d’une œuvre génère, mais qu’elle n’épuise pas. Toutes les réinterprétations d’une œuvre, qu’il s’agisse de révisions, de réécritures ou de traductions, sont des actes intimes de lecture ; elles nous rapprochent du texte et nous permettent de voir quelque chose que la version publiée avait dissimulé, intentionnellement ou non

Growth patterns of tomato plants subjected to two non-conventional abiotic stresses: UV-C irradiations and electric fields

Ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C = 100-280 nm) is strongly affected by ozone levels, so that the amount of this radiation reaching the Earth's surface is extremely low. In the future, UV-C radiation is expected to increase as the result of stratospheric ozone depletion due to atmospheric pollution, with strong negative effects on economically important crops. High UV-C doses determine irreversible damages both at plant physiological and morphological levels, leading plants to death. Also electric fields (EFs) can determine changes at morphological and physiological levels in plants. Electro-culture can accelerate growth rates, increase yields, improve crop quality and plant protection against from diseases, insects and frost. This chapter is focused on the effects of the exposition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), one of the most economically important crop, to UV-C radiation and DC-electric field, able to determine important and significant alterations in plant growth. The protection of tomato plants against UV-C, combined with the growth-promoting effects of electro-culture, could allow farmers to grow bigger and better crops in less time, with less effort, and at a lower cost

UV-C irradiation effects on young tomato plants: Preliminary results

Ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C = 100-280 nm) is strongly affected by ozone levels, so that the amount of this radiation reaching the Earth's surface is extremely low. In the future, UV-C radiation is expected to increase as the result of stratospheric ozone depletion due to atmospheric pollution, with strong negative effects on economically important crops. To assess the effect of UV-C irradiation on young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; cv Cuore di bue), an experiment was conducted in controlled conditions, using a black chamber equipped with an UV-C lamp. Tomato plants were divided in four groups on the basis of UV-C irradiation time (10, 30, 60, and 120 min), and non-irradiated plants were kept as controls. Plant gas exchange, leaf color and morphologic traits were recorded before and after UV-C treatments. The photosynthetic apparatus was influenced by UV-C treatment, as shown by the strong increase in intracellular CO2, particularly evident in the 120 min treatment (338 μL L–1). This was due both to the stomatal and non-stomatal inhibition of the assimilation activity due to UV-C exposure. In 10 and 30-min treated plants, leaf color, measured immediately after the irradiation, did not statistically change, whereas the 60 and 120-min treatments were characterized by a deep senescence with a general stem and leaf yellowing. The results demonstrate that high UV-C doses determined irreversible damages, both at physiological and morphological levels, that lead plants to death, whereas lower irradiations (up to 60 min) allowed plants to partially recovery their normal physiological status

Hormonal response and root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to heavy metals

In this work, specific concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc in double combination, were supplied for 12 days to growing seedlings of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Metal accumulation was measured in roots and shoots. Microscopic analyses revealed that root morphology was affected by metals, and that the root and shoot levels of indole-3-acetic acid, trans-zeatin riboside and dihydrozeatin riboside varied accordingly. Minor modifications in gibberellic acid levels occurred in the Zinc treatments, whereas abscisic acid level did not change after the exposition to metals. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of some genes involved in auxin and cytokinin synthesis (AtAAO, AtNIT and AtIPT) revealed that their expression were not affected by metal treatments. The root morphological alterations that resulted in an increased surface area, due to the formation of root hairs and lateral roots, could be signs of the response to metal stress in terms of a functionally-addressed reorientation of root growth. The root system plasticity observed could be important for better understanding the manner in which the root architecture is shaped by environmental and hormonal stimuli

Effects of post-harvest regulated deficit irrigation on carbohydrate and nitrogen partitioning, yield quality and vegetative growth of peach trees

Abstract The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) applied in the post-harvest stage of peach trees. The 3-year trial was carried out in Italy (N 40°20¢, E 16°48¢) on mature peach plants (cv ''Springcrest'') trained to transverse Y. From bud break to harvest, irrigation was carried out by applying 100% ET c , while from harvest to early autumn, plants were separated into three groups and subjected to different irrigation treatments (100, 57 and 34% ET c ). The decrease in soil water content caused a reduction in the values of tissue water potential and gas exchange both in 57% ET c and 34% ET c treatments. RDI determined the reduction in the growth of waterspouts and lateral shoots but did not influence the growth of fruiting shoots. During the trial, no significant reductions in crop yield and quality were observed in the 57% ET c treatment, whereas about 1,100, 1,800 and 2,500 m 3 ha -1 of water were saved in the first, the second and the third year, respectively. In the second year of the trial, the use of RDI in the post-harvest stage determined carbohydrate and nitrogen accumulation in roots, branches, shoots and floral buds. The results demonstrate that, under scarce water supply conditions, a clear benefit can be obtained through the use of RDI during the post-harvest stage. This confirms the possibility to reduce the irrigation water by applying RDI during phenological stages less sensitive to water deficit without negatively affecting peach growth and yield