POSEBNE VOJNE TAKTIKE MONGOLA TIJEKOM OSVAJANJA U 13. STOLJEĆU

The paper analyses certain military tactics employed by the Mongolian army, initially led by Genghis Khan and later by his successors. Since their contemporaries, such as Thomas of Spalato and Rogerius of Apulia, described them as barbarians and bloodthirsty conquerors, a view that some historians embraced without question, in recent decades there has been a need to shed new light on such perceptions. This paper will focus on the successful tactics employed by Mongol generals, that is, military leaders, on the battlefield. One reason the Mongols gladly accepted negative descriptions was the element of psychological warfare, which they successfully used against European and other armies. Despite the misconception that the Mongols were unruly and chaotic in battle, a detailed review will provide insights into how and why they fostered such an image. In addition to instilling fear in opponents, resulting in demoralisation and a reduced ability to act on the field, another frequently achieved goal was gaining victory over equal or more numerous opponents by minimising one’s own casualties. This is precisely what the Mongol leaders wanted to achieve: to continue the gradual conquest of enemy territory.U radu se analiziraju pojedine vojne taktike mongolske vojske predvođene prvotno Džingis-kanom, ali i njegovim nasljednicima. Pošto su ih tadašnji suvremenici opisivali kao barbare i krvoločne osvajače (Toma Arhiđakon i Rogerije iz Apulije), a takav su narativ bespogovorno preuzeli pojedini povjesničari, u posljednjim se desetljećima pojavila potreba bacanja novog svjetla na takvu percepciju. Ovaj će se rad fokusirati na uspješne mongolske taktike koje su generali, odnosno vojskovođe primjenjivali na bojnom polju. Jedan od razloga zašto su Mongoli rado prihvaćali takve negativne opise bio je element psihološkog ratovanja, koji su uspješno koristili protiv europskih, ali i drugih vojski. Unatoč krivo percipiranim doživljajima kako su Mongoli bili neukrotivi i kaotični na bojnom polju, detaljan pregled dat će nam uvid kako su i zašto prihvaćali takvu sliku. Osim ulijevanja straha kod protivnika, što je rezultiralo demoralizacijom i smanjenom mogućnosti djelovanja na terenu, cilj takvog djelovanja često je bio uspješno ostvaren – pobjeda nad istobrojnim ili brojnijim protivnikom uz reduciranje vlastitih žrtava. A upravo to su mongolski vođe htjeli ostvariti, kako bi nastavili politiku zauzimanja neprijateljskog teritorija i napredovanja

Combining different types of data in studying attitudes to English as a Lingua Franca

This paper deals with the attitudes of Croatian speakers to ELF, in particular to its pronunciation. Four methods were combined to reach conclusions about the status of ELF in Croatia: diary study, teacher interviews, a preliminary focus group interview and a survey. Whilst the first three methods revealed that the subjects regularly disfavour ‘bad pronunciation’, the survey showed that when it actually comes to talking to either native or non-native speakers, the subjects turned out to be tolerant to a slight accent. This clearly suggests a case of what is known as linguistic schizophrenia (B.B. Kachru 1977; Seidlhofer 2001). However, there are notable differences among groups of participants depending on variables such as professional profile, gender, degree of ease and success in learning pronunciation, and national pride. In any case, the combination of these methods proved to be a very good way to deal with the topic. The diary study is a valuable method to look into everyday practices and can feed nicely into survey questions. The preliminary survey highlighted the importance of different groups of participants and the need for groups of questions focusing around different factors. The preliminary focus group interview showed that it is crucial to have a single homogenous group of participants, as well as a trained facilitator. Finally, teacher interviews pointed to the possibility of similar attitudes being held by university teachers and the students they teach, which suggests that attitudes may be perpetuated. Overall, triangulation across methods and participants in the way proposed in the present paper provided a wealth of data, allowing a bottom-up view and a top-down view on the state of ELF in Croatia

Lung Lavage Cell Profiles in Diffuse Lung Disease

The standard armamentarium of tests that are used by pulmonologist are laboratory tests, pulmonary function tests, different radiological techniques (conventional chest-X rays, HRCT scans, etc) and pathohistological analyses of biopsies. The minimally invasive bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure, in addition to methods earlier mentioned, is an important diagnostic instrument that can facilitate the diagnosis of various diffuse lung diseases (DLD). BAL fluid white blood cell profiles are analyzed, malignant cells looked for, and in certain circumstances particular stains are performed to detect yet other cell types. Additionally, BAL can play a very important role in the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections. All these analyses are usually readily performed in a moderately equipped cytological laboratory

Sex differences in patterns of relations between family interactions and depressive symptoms in adolescents

Aim To gain insight into the relations between protective/ risk family interactions and depressive symptoms in adolescent boys and girls. Method A self-reported cross-sectional survey was conducted on a representative sample of 1191 secondary school students (617 girls and 574 boys) aged from 14 to 19 years, with a median of 16, from all secondary schools in the Primorsko-goranska County, Croatia in January and February 2010. Students reported their depressive symptoms, perceptions about the relationship with their mother and father, family activities, and parents’ conflict resolution strategies. Data were analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression to calculate the effects of family supportive and harmful interactions on depressive symptoms in girls and boys. Results Depressive symptoms were reported often and very often by 19.1% of girls and 15.8% of boys. Girls’ assessment of the family relations was significantly more positive than boys’, including the assessment of family activities, constructive family conflict resolution, or father’s and mother’s warmth and affection. Multiple correlation analysis revealed that the examined family variables accounted for 16.3% of the variance of depressive symptoms in boys and for 17.2% in girls. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed a difference in the relation of family variables and depressive symptoms between boys and girls. Depressive symptoms in girls were more linked to the lack of protective family factors (9.9% of the explained variance in girls vs. 5.5% in boys), while depressive symptoms in boys were more linked to the existence of harmful family factors (10.8% of the explained variance in boys vs.7.3% in girls). Conclusion Family activities and the father’s warmth and affection have a higher significance for girls than for boys, while destructive parental conflict and the mother’s aggression and hostility are equally significant for both girls and boys. These results indicate the targets for familybased preventive and intervention programs for depression in adolescents

Determining the Life Cycle Phase of a Technology Based on Patent Data

Developing new technologies is one of the most important goals of today’s scientific and industrial research. Understanding how technology evolves, as well as its current state, is invaluable in an ecosystem where technology is evolving at an increasingly rapid pace. In this paper, patent data is used to determine a technology’s life cycle. Two patent maps are created, one based on patent citations and one based on keywords. The citation patent map visualizes how patents cite each other, while the keyword patent maps visualize keywords used to describe patents and their relations. Both of these patent maps are dynamic, meaning they change over time thus giving insight into an examined technology’s evolution. A growth analysis of both networks is conducted as well as a degree distribution analysis. Both of these analyses are used to help determine the technology’s lifecycle phase as well as its patterns of growth. This insight is invaluable to stakeholders tasked to make strategic decisions related to technology development

Application of Multi-Criteria Analysis of Determining Sea Port Development Models in the Spatial Concept of a Town, Based on the Example of the Town of Rovinj

A significant problem in port and port area development is the awareness that port development plans for county and local ports brought by port authorities in the capacity of a body managing the port and its port area, are often not covered by town and county physical planning solutions, and vice versa. The above said indicates that relevant parties in port area planning (port management and towns/countries) are not always active participants in the procedure of planning the ports and port areas in physical planning documents. County spatial plans do not pay necessary attention to the role, significance and development of the ports of county and local relevance. Drafting the spatial plans related to the ports of county and local relevance demands high level of expertise and multidisciplinary approach, as well as knowledge on the problem of physical planning, port operation and marine and coastal biology, maritime traffic technology and maritime environment protection. The purpose and the goal of this paper is to find the optimum model and measures for developing county and local ports in relation to the complementarity of spatial concept of the port and the town. For the purpose of defining and setting up the model, we used the most important indicators and measures that influence the level of physical planning of the port and the town. The example of Town of Rovinj will serve for checking and proving efficiency of the set-up model

Euro–English and Croatian national identity: are Croatian university students ready for English as a lingua franca?

Istraživanje koje se prikazuje imalo je za cilj utvrditi utjecaj globalizacije i hipotetskog nastanka tzv. euroengleskoga na stav Hrvata prema stranom akcentu. Budući da strani akcent odaje nacionalni identitet govornika, stupanj do kojeg se netko svjesno nastoji približiti izvornom izgovoru, odnosno sačuvati i pokazati vlastiti nacionalni identitet uvelike varira i ovisi o više faktora. Ovdje se promatra kako parametri kao što su spol, stupanj znanja engleskoga, sociolingvistički status govornikova regionalnog hrvatskog dijalekta, regionalni ponos te sklonost perfekcionizmu utječu na odnos ispitanika prema vlastitom izgovoru, nastavnicima engleskoga i neizvornim govornicima. Istraživanje je provedeno u obliku anonimnog desetominutnog upitnika provedenog na dobrovoljnoj osnovi za vrijeme redovite sveučilišne nastave. Obuhvatilo je 1461 studenta različitih sveučilišnih studija, a odgovori su analizirani pomoću softverskog paketa SPSS. Uočava se polarizacija između ’liberalnog’ i ’tradicionalnog’ pristupa akcentu, tj. govornika kojima ne smeta regionalna i nacionalna prepoznatljivost u izgovoru i onih koji takva obilježja nastoje prikriti. Pokazuje se da to najviše ovisi o izboru studija, tj. buduće struke kao i samoprocijenjenoga stupnja kvalitete vlastitoga engleskoga izgovora, dok spol, regionalno podrijetlo ispitanika i stupanj perfekcionizma igraju nešto manju ulogu. Ti rezultati pripisuju se različitim uzrocima. Tvrdi se da su studenti engleskoga i općenito studenti koji su na višoj razini znanja engleskoga u tom smislu tradicionalniji zbog pristupa u njihovu poučavanju engleskomu u Hrvatskoj, kojim se propisuje što je ’pravi’ engleski. Također se pokazuje da su spol, samoprocijenjeni perfekcionizam i regionalna pripadnost povezani sa sklonošću da se procjenjuje sebe ili drugoga u odnosu na ono što je ’ispravno’. Tako žene nastoje postići ono što drušvo definira ispravnim, perfekcionisti ono šo sami vjeruju da je ispravno, a ispitanici iz urbanih sredina prosuđju druge prema onome šo urbana populacija smatra da je ispravno. Budući da se pokazuje jasna veza izmeđ uočnih stavova i dožvljaja vlastitoga identiteta u raznim drušvenim ulogama, na osnovi ovih rezultata zagovara se pristup ELF u okviru stratificiranoga modela, koji uzima u obzir sve navedene razlike.The present research establishes the impact of globalisation and the possible emergence of a Euro–English on the attitude of Croats towards their foreign accent. As one’s foreign accent gives away one’s national identity, the extent to which one strives to approach native–like pronunciation or preserve and display features of one’s national identity varies considerably and depends on a number of factors. We look at how gender, proficiency in English, the sociolinguistic status of the subject’s regional dialect of Croatian, regional pride, and perfectionism determine the way in which the subjects view their own production, teaching models and non–native speakers. It is shown that there is a clear divide between ’liberal’ and ’traditional’ students with regard to ELF, which is connected primarily with student profiles and self–assessed pronunciation proficiency. Gender, regional provenance and self–assessed perfectionism also play a role, but to a smaller extent. All these issues seem to be connected with the construction of identity in various societal roles

Usporedba tehnologije generiranja fotografija pametnim telefonom i digitalnim fotoaparatom

Zahvaljujući svojoj prenosivosti, ekonomičnosti i sve boljim performansama slike, kamere za pametne telefone su se posljednjih godina pozicionirale kao konkuretne klasičnim digitalnim fotoaparatima. U završnom radu će se opisati tehnologija snimanja pametnim telefonom, s posebnim osvrtom na osnovne zahtjeve i fizička ograničenja optičke tehnologije. Kroz usporedbu fotografija dobivenih s iste pozicije fotoaparatom (Canon XC10 4K) i mobilnim uređajem (Samsung A 72) s unaprijed određenim postavkama (kao npr. ISO osjetljivost, vrijeme ekspozicije, otvor blende), istražiti će se kako pojedine postavke utječu na krajnju sliku

The melancholic lyrical style in Modern literature

Cilj je ovog završnog rada prikazati koliko su pjesme Notturno Antuna Gustav Matoša te Ex Pannonia Vladimira Vidrića bogate modernističkim poetičkim elementima i kako se međusobno na taj način mogu povezati s pojedinim romanima, kao i s filmskim zapisom. Metoda kojom se služilo pri pisanju ovog seminarskog rada jest iščitavanje literature vezane uz pojam modernizma, secesije i melankolije te su se samim time istaknuli određeni elementi primjenjivi na naše tekstualne predloške

Miroslav Krleža: political profile

Miroslav Krleža zarana se priklanja ideji socijaldemokracije, ali krahom II. Internacionale odbacuje ideju mirnoga stvaranja besklasnoga društva te oduševljen Oktobarskom revolucijom u Rusiji deklarira se boljševikom i zagovara socijalističku revoluciju. Postaje član Komunističke partije Jugoslavije. Sukladno vlastitom socijalističkom opredjeljenju, kritizira Kraljevinu SHS, vladajući velikosrpski režim te prevladavajući unitarizam. Zagovara federalističku političku koncepciju, autonomiju umjetničkoga stvaralaštva i kritizira staljinističku diktaturu u Sovjetskom Savezu, čime dolazi u sukob s radikalnom strujom unutar KPJ, koja proklamira estetiku socijalnoga realizma. Naposljetku dolazi do sukoba na književnoj ljevici i Krležine disidentske pozicije unutar lijevoga pokreta. Drugi svjetski rat provodi u Zagrebu i odbija se priključiti partizanima na slobodnom teritoriju, pravdajući se strahom za vlastitu egzistenciju. Neposredno poslije rata, uživajući zaštitu Josipa Broza Tita i promjenom političkih okolnosti slijedom Rezolucije Informbiroa, postaje programator i usmjeritelj kulturnih i znanstvenih inicijativa. Godine 1950. zadužen je za jugoslavenski postav na Izložbi srednjovjekovne umjetnosti u Parizu, koji se temelji na njegovoj teoriji konvergentnoga razvoja jugoslavenskih naroda kroz povijest. Postulira koncepte buntovne svijesti, filozofije otpora i permanentnoga stremljenja ujedinjenju, koji kulminiraju u Narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi kao sintezi.Miroslav Krleža adhered to the idea od Social Democracy rather early but after the crash of the Second Internacional he abandoned the idea of creating a classless society peacefully, and thrilled by the October Revolution in Russia, he declared himself a Bolshevik and started advocating Socialist Revolution. He became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Having been socialistically oriented, he criticized the Kingdom of SHS, regime of Great Serbia and prevailing unitarianism. He advocated political conception of federalism, as well as autonomy and artistic creation while criticizing Stalinist dictatorship in the Soviet Union which led to conflict with the radicals in the KPJ who proclaimed the aesthetics of social realism. All of this, as well as difference of opinion between Krleža and others on the political left, led to conflict of the literary left. During the Second World War Krleža was in Zagreb but he refused to join the Partisans justifying himself with fear for his own life. Right after the War, as the political circumstances changed with "Resolution on the situation in the KPJ", Krleža became programmer and director of cultural and scientific initiatives under protection of Josip Broz Tito. Krleža was in charge of the Yugoslavian exhibition, which was based on his theory of convergent development of Yugoslavian peoples through the history, at the Exhibition of Medievel Art in Paris in 1950. He postulated concepts of the rebellious consciousness m, the philosophy of resistance and permanent aspiration to consolidation which culminated in People's Liberation Struggle as a synthesis