The Dark Side of Empowering Leadership: A Multilevel Study of Differentiated Leadership on Team and Individual Dynamic Performance

In this study I integrate self-determination theory and social comparison theory to create a new theoretical lens that highlights the multilevel dark side of empowering leadership. Examining how team leaders differentially empower team members stands in contrast to prior research, which has limited its analyses to the effects of individual-focused or team-focused empowering leadership. I examine the social underpinnings of empowering leadership by analyzing differentiated empowering leadership (DEL) within teams and its effects on team dynamics. In so doing, I propose that DEL triggers team members to engage in social comparisons among one another regarding the empowering leadership they receive. These social comparisons generate negative relationships among team members, restricting the team’s collective ability to initiate and adapt to change, particularly among teams with higher levels of task interdependence. I also theoretically argue the existence of two unique cross-level processes through which DEL impacts team member psychological empowerment, and in turn individual proactive and adaptive performance. First, I theorize that DEL stimulates team member psychological empowerment through empowering leadership-social comparisons (ELSC). Second, I propose that DEL undermines team member psychological empowerment by producing relationship conflicts among team members. In summary, I highlight the multi-level processes and boundary condition through which DEL negatively impact team dynamic performance and individual team member motivation and subsequent dynamic performance. To test the proposed relationships I gathered data from 72 teams across four industries. Although the data revealed that ELSC is positively linked to psychological empowerment, revealing the impact of ELSC above and beyond the direct effects of individual empowering leadership and leader-member exchange (LMX), the data did not fully support any of the other hypotheses. Nonetheless, the data reveal that DEL does impact team learning and individual adaptability through team and individual engagement. Thus, team leaders should consider how they go about empowering their team members, because the more differentially they empower them, the less engaged they will be in their collective and individual work. These subsequent findings also display that DEL is unique from LMX differentiation and that future research should explore other effects DEL has on team and individual outcomes

MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT IN AN IMPACTED, CONNECTED RIVER SYSTEM

Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (WCT) is a native species of high conservation value that historically exhibited partially migratory behavior throughout its range. Long-term persistence of WCT is threatened by human habitat modification, fragmentation, introduction of non-native species, and hybridization. As a result of these changes, remnant populations in Montana have shifted toward resident populations in headwater systems and away from migratory populations in larger connected river networks. This is compounded by the historic introduction of rainbow trout O. mykiss (RBT) that hybridize with WCT, especially in larger river habitats. Rock Creek in western Montana, USA was historically managed as a world class RBT fishery. Despite intensive pressure from non-native species, non-hybridized migratory WCT still exist within Rock Creek. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms that have maintained this non-hybridized population of partially migratory WCT is of high importance to managers trying to manage populations in the face of multiple threats to their persistence. First, we investigated the migratory life history of WCT in Rock Creek, including the diversity of behaviors within the population, potential drivers promoting it, and threats to this population. Second, we investigated dynamics of hybridization between RBT and WCT; specifically, what factors are shaping the pattern of hybridization across the landscape and what mechanisms are providing resistance to hybridization? Our results revealed more than a 20-fold variation in spawning migrations distances among individuals, with migratory fish returning to thirteen different tributaries. Migratory behavior was associated with larger spawning tributaries with higher adult biomass. Longer migrating individuals spawned lower in tributaries where there was greater overlap with RBTxWCT hybrids. Survival was low and not related to spawning or migration distance but was strongly related to summer habitat. Propagule pressure was the main mechanism driving the pattern of hybridization. Sites that were resistant to hybridization were further from the highest source of RBT, had more spatial and temporal assortative mating, and larger resident individuals. When propagule pressure is high it likely overwhelms localized resistance. Management and conservation of WCT, and similar partially migratory species, in these connected stream networks requires a basin scale approach that prioritizes connectivity among habitats, promotes natural flow regimes, and works to reduce abundances of non-native species

The Dark Side of Empowering Leadership: A Multilevel Study of Differentiated Leadership on Team and Individual Dynamic Performance

In this study I integrate self-determination theory and social comparison theory to create a new theoretical lens that highlights the multilevel dark side of empowering leadership. Examining how team leaders differentially empower team members stands in contrast to prior research, which has limited its analyses to the effects of individual-focused or team-focused empowering leadership. I examine the social underpinnings of empowering leadership by analyzing differentiated empowering leadership (DEL) within teams and its effects on team dynamics. In so doing, I propose that DEL triggers team members to engage in social comparisons among one another regarding the empowering leadership they receive. These social comparisons generate negative relationships among team members, restricting the team’s collective ability to initiate and adapt to change, particularly among teams with higher levels of task interdependence. I also theoretically argue the existence of two unique cross-level processes through which DEL impacts team member psychological empowerment, and in turn individual proactive and adaptive performance. First, I theorize that DEL stimulates team member psychological empowerment through empowering leadership-social comparisons (ELSC). Second, I propose that DEL undermines team member psychological empowerment by producing relationship conflicts among team members. In summary, I highlight the multi-level processes and boundary condition through which DEL negatively impact team dynamic performance and individual team member motivation and subsequent dynamic performance. To test the proposed relationships I gathered data from 72 teams across four industries. Although the data revealed that ELSC is positively linked to psychological empowerment, revealing the impact of ELSC above and beyond the direct effects of individual empowering leadership and leader-member exchange (LMX), the data did not fully support any of the other hypotheses. Nonetheless, the data reveal that DEL does impact team learning and individual adaptability through team and individual engagement. Thus, team leaders should consider how they go about empowering their team members, because the more differentially they empower them, the less engaged they will be in their collective and individual work. These subsequent findings also display that DEL is unique from LMX differentiation and that future research should explore other effects DEL has on team and individual outcomes

Natal Stream Characteristics Associated with Migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout

Natal Stream Characteristics Associated with Migratory Westslope Cutthroat Trout Westslope Cutthroat Trout, hereafter cutthroat, are a native trout species of conservation concern in Montana that have historically exhibited a diversity of life histories within a population. This includes migratory individuals that move from larger rivers to their natal streams to spawn, as well as resident individuals that remain in natal streams for their lifetime. Due to habitat degradation and interbreeding (or hybridizing) with nonnative Rainbow Trout, cutthroats are becoming rare in large river systems and increasingly occur as isolated resident populations in headwater systems. This loss of migratory individuals can lead to extirpation of theses isolated, local populations. Rock Creek in Western Montana is a population of conservation and of ecological interest because it has retained a population of migratory non-hybridized cutthroat. Understanding characteristics of streams that promote migratory individuals and the persistence of the migratory life history within a population would be useful to help prioritize conservation of habitat that maintains life history diversity. Based on ecological theory we hypothesized that factors such as stream habitat quality (temperature, flow, pool depth) and competition (fish density) would be associated with migratory behavior. From 2018 to 2020, we implanted 73 radio telemetry tags and tracked cutthroat movements over this time period to determine their migratory life history and where they spawned. We collected habitat and fish population data on 37 tributary streams within the Rock Creek drainage. We used a generalized linear model to evaluate the relationship between the number of migratory individuals and certain tributary characteristics. Our results show that natal stream size is related to the abundance of migratory individuals. This study is unique in that we were able to capture and track a large number of individuals over a large landscape, which is uncommon for these types of studies. By understanding the drivers behind migratory cutthroat populations, this study will directly help managers make crucial conservation decisions about protection of watersheds and guide decisions about reconnecting habitats to provide migratory pathways

Kierkegaard And Byron: Disability, Irony, And The Undead

After enumerating the implicit and explicit references to Lord Byron in the corpus of Søren Kierkegaard, chapter 1, Kierkegaard and Byron, provides a historical backdrop by surveying the influence of Byron and Byronism on the literary circles of Golden Age Copenhagen. Chapter 2, Disability, theorizes that Kierkegaard later spurned Byron as a hedonistic cripple because of the metonymy between him and his (i.e., Kierkegaard\u27s) enemy Peder Ludvig Møller. Møller was an editor at The Corsair, the disreputable satirical newspaper that mocked Kierkegaard\u27s disability in a series of caricatures. As a poet, critic, and eroticist, Møller was eminently Byronic, and both he and Byron had served as models for the titular character of Kierkegaard\u27s The Seducer\u27s Diary. Chapter 3, Irony, claims that Kierkegaard felt a Bloomian anxiety of Byron\u27s influence. By accusing a contemporary of plagiarizing his pseudonymous books in a dissertation on Byron, Kierkegaard in fact reveals just how beholden his aesthetic authorship was to the dark and intriguing themes popularized by Byron. Moreover, Kierkegaard ostensibly borropersonal and philosophical attributes from the ironic narrator of Byron\u27s Don Juan in the creation of his pseudonym Johannes Climacus of the Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Kierkegaard would have found in Byron\u27s narrator an example of what he calls mastered irony, a form of irony he prefers to that of the German romantics. Lastly, Chapter 4, The Undead, considers the ironical consciousness as a form of living death, and examines Byron\u27s influence on the revenants of Kierkegaard\u27s authorship. By way of a conclusion, disability, irony, and the undead are united in The Sickness unto Death\u27s Byronic figure of demonic despair

Cyber-victimization Trends in Trinidad & Tobago: The Results of An Empirical Research

Cybertechnology has brought benefits to the Caribbean in the form of new regional economic and social growth. In the last years, Caribbean countries have also become attractive targets for cybercrime due to increased economic success and online presence with a low level of cyber resilience. This study examines the online-related activities that affect cybercrime victimization by using the Routine Activity Theory (RAT). The present study seeks to identify activities that contribute to different forms of cybercrime victimization and develop risk models for these crimes, particularly the understudied cyber-dependent crimes of Hacking and Malware. It also aims to explore if there are similarities or differences in factors leading to victimization, which correlate to the classification of crimes as either cyber-dependent or cyber-enabled. The data analysis suggests that there is significant applicability for RAT in explaining Online Harassment victimization, while the usability of the RAT for predicting Malware victimization proved to be minimal, with only two significant variables being identified, with both being associated with Capable Guardianship