Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death

In 1938, H. Selye proposed the notion of adaptation energy and published "Experimental evidence supporting the conception of adaptation energy". Adaptation of an animal to different factors appears as the spending of one resource. Adaptation energy is a hypothetical extensive quantity spent for adaptation. This term causes much debate when one takes it literally, as a physical quantity, i.e. a sort of energy. The controversial points of view impede the systematic use of the notion of adaptation energy despite experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the response to many harmful factors often has general non-specific form and we suggest that the mechanisms of physiological adaptation admit a very general and nonspecific description. We aim to demonstrate that Selye's adaptation energy is the cornerstone of the top-down approach to modelling of non-specific adaptation processes. We analyse Selye's axioms of adaptation energy together with Goldstone's modifications and propose a series of models for interpretation of these axioms. {\em Adaptation energy is considered as an internal coordinate on the `dominant path' in the model of adaptation}. The phenomena of `oscillating death' and `oscillating remission' are predicted on the base of the dynamical models of adaptation. Natural selection plays a key role in the evolution of mechanisms of physiological adaptation. We use the fitness optimization approach to study of the distribution of resources for neutralization of harmful factors, during adaptation to a multifactor environment, and analyse the optimal strategies for different systems of factors

WORK OF A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION MULTIDISCIPLINARY DEPARTMENT ON THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES OF FUTURE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

The aim of the study is to test new approaches to the management of professional and personal development of students of pedagogical university. Methodology and research methods. The theoretical analysis of the following information sources was carried out: psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature on the researched topic; teaching-program documentation and teaching materials (work programs of studying disciplines, textbooks, manuals, collections of tasks, guidelines, etc.); normative documents (Federal State Educational Standards (FSES), General Educational Programs (GEP), curricula, instructional acts, etc.). The methods of modeling and expert evaluation were used. Results and scientific novelty. The features of integrative activities of the multidisciplinary department of pedagogical university for formation of professional competences of future elementary school teachers are revealed. The diagnostics of the competences mastered by pupils at the level of a bachelor degree was carried out during deployment period, carrying out mini-researches and performing of the combined analytic-constructive and diagnostic tasks at lessons. Practical significance. The diagnostic approach to formation of professional competences of future teachers of primary school (undergraduate level) under conditions of multidisciplinary department work may be of interest to teachers of other pedagogical universities and colleges.Цель представленной в статье работы - поиск и апробация новых подходов к управлению профессионально-личностным развитием студентов педагогического университета. Методология и методики исследования. Был проведен теоретический анализ психологической, педагогической и методической литературы по исследуемой проблеме; анализ учебно-программной документации и учебных материалов (рабочих программ дисциплин, учебников, учебных пособий, сборников задач и заданий, методических рекомендаций и др.), нормативных документов (ФГОС, основных образовательных программ (ООП), учебных планов, инструктивных актов и т. п.). В ходе исследования использовались методы моделирования и метод экспертной оценки. Результаты и научная новизна. Раскрыты особенности интегративной деятельности многопредметной выпускающей кафедры педагогического университета по формированию профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов. На основе анализа продуктов деятельности студентов в период практики, при проведении мини-исследований и выполнении комбинированных аналитико-конструктивных и диагностических заданий на занятиях осуществлена диагностика освоенных учащимися компетенций на уровне бакалавриата. Практическая значимость. Представленный в статье диагностический подход к формированию профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей начальных классов (уровень бакалавриата) в условиях деятельности многопредметной выпускающей кафедры может быть экстраполирован на деятельность преподавателей других педагогических вузов и колледжей

Specifics of land cover of natural anthropogenic landscapes in oil production regions

© SGEM2014. All Rights Reserved. The study explores specificity of natural and anthropogenic landscape complexes in areas of oil production and describes the main properties of the landscape, based on the current ecological status of soil-plant systems. Using internal landscape- forming factors, such as soil and vegetation, the extent of the natural functioning of geosystems altered as a result of oil production was portrayed

Phase and Intensity Distributions of Individual Pulses of PSR B0950+08

The distribution of the intensities of individual pulses of PSR B0950+08 as a function of the longitudes at which they appear is analyzed. The flux density of the pulsar at 111 MHz varies strongly from day to day (by up to a factor of 13) due to the passage of the radiation through the interstellar plasma (interstellar scintillation). The intensities of individual pulses can exceed the amplitude of the mean pulse profile, obtained by accumulating 770 pulses, by more than an order of magnitude. The intensity distribution along the mean profile is very different for weak and strong pulses. The differential distribution function for the intensities is a power law with index n = -1.1 +- 0.06 up to peak flux densities for individual pulses of the order of 160 Jy

The content of the studies on discipline «Physical culture» in the context of preserving the University studentshealth

The article provides data on the health of students. The author grounds the necessity of the change of the training discipline «Physical culture» contentВ статье приведены данные состояния здоровья студентов. Обоснована необходимость изменения содержания обучения по дисциплине «Физическая культура

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Models of Adaptation

The concept of biological adaptation was closely connected to some mathematical, engineering and physical ideas from the very beginning. Cannon in his "The wisdom of the body" (1932) used the engineering vision of regulation. In 1938, Selye enriched this approach by the notion of adaptation energy. This term causes much debate when one takes it literally, i.e. as a sort of energy. Selye did not use the language of mathematics, but the formalization of his phenomenological theory in the spirit of thermodynamics was simple and led to verifiable predictions. In 1980s, the dynamics of correlation and variance in systems under adaptation to a load of environmental factors were studied and the universal effect in ensembles of systems under a load of similar factors was discovered: in a crisis, as a rule, even before the onset of obvious symptoms of stress, the correlation increases together with variance (and volatility). During 30 years, this effect has been supported by many observations of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. In the last ten years, these results were supplemented by many new experiments, from gene networks in cardiology and oncology to dynamics of depression and clinical psychotherapy. Several systems of models were developed: the thermodynamic-like theory of adaptation of ensembles and several families of models of individual adaptation. Historically, the first group of models was based on Selye's concept of adaptation energy and used fitness estimates. Two other groups of models are based on the idea of hidden attractor bifurcation and on the advection--diffusion model for distribution of population in the space of physiological attributes. We explore this world of models and experiments, starting with classic works, with particular attention to the results of the last ten years and open questions.Comment: Review paper, 48 pages, 29 figures, 183 bibliography, the final version accepted in Phys Life Re

Acesso das pequenas empresas russas aos mercados de contratos públicos: análise de dados

The aim of this study was to assess the current extent of participation by Russian small enterprises in regional public procurement. We discussed how legislation affects the volume of contracts awarded to small enterprises. We calculated the number of contracts per 100 small enterprises, how much the number and value of such contracts account for in the total number and value of contracts concluded with all suppliers per region, as well as what is the average value of contracts per small enterprise and the average value of one such contract. In order to ensure benchmarking for enterprises located in different regions, such enterprises were assessed on the basis of relative indicators. This study used official statistics accumulated with regard to all public procurement in the regions. The data on the number of contracts and their value for the period from 2010 to 2014 were used. For the purposes of empirical data analysis, the normal distribution probability density functions set for all the indicators in question were used. The findings of this study and the tools used for assessing the extent of participation by small enterprises in public procurement can be used when researching entrepreneurship, as well as to justify the contract system development programs in Russia. Such information is important for entrepreneurs, as it enables them to assess the feasibility and consequences of participation in public procurement.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado actual de participación de las pequeñas empresas rusas en la contratación pública regional. Discutimos cómo la legislación afecta el volumen de contratos adjudicados a pequeñas empresas. Calculamos el número de contratos por cada 100 pequeñas empresas, cuánto representan el número y el valor de dichos contratos en el número y el valor total de los contratos celebrados con todos los proveedores por región, así como también cuál es el valor promedio de los contratos por cada pequeña empresa y el valor promedio de uno de esos contratos. Con el fin de garantizar la evaluación comparativa para las empresas ubicadas en diferentes regiones, dichas empresas se evaluaron sobre la base de indicadores relativos. Este estudio utilizó estadísticas oficiales acumuladas con respecto a todas las contrataciones públicas en las regiones. Se utilizaron los datos sobre el número de contratos y su valor para el período de 2010 a 2014. A los efectos del análisis de datos empíricos, se utilizaron las funciones de densidad de probabilidad de distribución normal establecidas para todos los indicadores en cuestión. Las conclusiones de este estudio y las herramientas utilizadas para evaluar el grado de participación de las pequeñas empresas en la contratación pública se pueden utilizar al investigar el espíritu empresarial, así como para justificar los programas de desarrollo de sistemas contractuales en Rusia. Dicha información es importante para los empresarios, ya que les permite evaluar la viabilidad y las consecuencias de la participación en la contratación pública.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o atual grau de participação das pequenas empresas russas nas compras públicas regionais. Discutimos como a legislação afeta o volume de contratos concedidos a pequenas empresas. Nós calculamos o número de contratos por 100 pequenas empresas, que representam o número eo valor desses contratos no número total eo valor total dos contratos com todos os fornecedores por região, bem como o que o valor médio de contratos para cada empresa de pequeno porte e o valor médio de um desses contratos. Para garantir benchmarking para empresas localizadas em diferentes regiões, essas empresas foram avaliadas com base em indicadores relativos. Este estudo utilizou estatísticas oficiais acumuladas em relação a todas as compras públicas nas regiões. Foram utilizados os dados sobre o número de contratos e seu valor para o período de 2010 a 2014. Para fins de análise empírica dos dados, foram utilizadas as funções de densidade de probabilidade de distribuição normal estabelecidas para todos os indicadores em questão. As conclusões deste estudo e os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o grau de participação das pequenas empresas nos contratos públicos podem ser utilizados na investigação do empreendedorismo, bem como para justificar os programas de desenvolvimento de sistemas contratuais na Rússia. Esta informação é importante para os empresários, pois permite avaliar a viabilidade e as consequências da participação em contratos públicos

Interdisciplinary role of the course of soil study in realization of environment education in higher education

© SGEM2017. All Rights Reserved. Currently, the system of higher education is based on interdisciplinary relations established between the scientific disciplines of the natural sciences. The article covers issues related to improving the quality of environmental learning through the study of disciplines associated with pedology, ecology and geography of soils. The article justifies the significance of the courses dealing with pedology in teaching students to creative professional activities for solution of global and regional ecological problem which are in some way connected with land management and the state of soil cover. Besides, the availability of interdisciplinary research, the significance of soils in providing stable biosphere, and the awareness of its role in the development of society and a man from the educational point of view is considered to be an important aspect of modern pedology. The article presents the analysis of inderdisciplinary role of courses of pedology in shaping ecological competences of students of Kazan (Volga region) federal university studying the following aspects of science as ecology, biology, geography, pedology, meteorology, land management and cadaster, pedagogics (in the field of geography and in the field of biology). The types of cognitive activities of students-bachelors and the organization of educational process, contributing to the development and implementation of environmental education are covered in the following article