Achievements and Challenges in the Science of Space Weather

In June 2016 a group of 40 space weather scientists attended the workshop on Scientific Foundations of Space Weather at the International Space Science Institute in Bern. In this lead article to the volume based on the talks and discussions during the workshop we review some of main past achievements in the field and outline some of the challenges that the science of space weather is facing today and in the future.Peer reviewe

The Global Kinematics of the Globular Cluster M92

We report the determination of high-accuracy radial velocities for 306 members of the globular cluster M92 using the Hydra multiobject spectrograph on the WIYN telescope. We have concentrated on stars outside of the central region of the cluster, located up to 14.4&arcmin; from the cluster center. Candidate members were selected for spectroscopy based on a photometric metallicity index determined from three-band Washington photometry, also obtained with the WIYN telescope. The median error in the velocities is 0.35 km s-1. We find the heliocentric radial velocity of the cluster to be -121.2 ± 0.3 km s-1. We have used an improved Bayesian analysis to determine the velocity dispersion profile of M92. The most probable profile is a cored power law with a scale radius of 2&arcmin;, a velocity dispersion at 1&arcmin; of 6.3 km s-1, and an outer power law with a slope of -0.6. We have also reanalyzed the M15 radial velocities of Drukier et al. and find that a pure power law with a 1&arcmin; velocity dispersion of 8 km s-1 and a slope of -0.5 and the combination of a power law with a slope of -0.4 and a scale of 7.5 km s-1 inside 9&arcmin; and a dispersion of 4 km s-1 outside are equally likely. In both clusters there is evidence that the samples include escaping stars. We present results from a GRAPE-based N-body simulation of an isolated cluster that demonstrates this effect. We suggest additional tests to determine the relative importance of tidal heating and stellar ejection for establishing the velocity field in globular cluster halos