Component and system design of a mild hybrid 48 V powertrain for a light vehicle

This thesis presents contributions in three areas relevant for the development of 48 V mild hybrid electric powertrains for cars. The first part comprises methodologies and extensive testing of lithium-ion battery cells in order to establish the electric and thermal performance using equivalent circuit models.\ua0 Empirical, lumped-parameter models are used to ensure fast simulation execution using only linear circuit elements. Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and high-current pulse discharge testing is used to extract model parameters. Plenty of parameter results are published for various cells, temperatures and SOC levels. Further on, the model accuracy in voltage response is also evaluated. It is found that an R+2RC equivalent circuit offers the lowest error, 11 mV RMSE in a 1.5 h drive cycle, which is among the lowest numbers found in the literature for similar models. In the second part, electric machines with tooth-coil windings are explored as a viable candidate for mild hybrids. First, a method of analytically calculating the high-level electro-magnetic properties for all possible combinations of three-phase, dual layer tooth-coil winding machines is established and presented in a graphically appealing manner.\ua0 Then, a pair of pseudo-6-phase 50 kW PMSMs are designed, constructed and validated in a custom designed calorimetric dynamo test stand. These machines feature in-stator and in-slot forced oil cooling, enabling very high current densities of 25\ua0A/mm\ub2 continuous and 35\ua0A/mm\ub2 peak. A high net power density (19 kW/l) and a large area of high peak efficiency (95%) is shown numerically and validated by calorimetric measurements. Finally, low-level design, construction and evaluation of 48 V inverter hardware is explored. By using high-performance, extra-low-voltage silicon-based MOSFETs with custom designed metal substrate printed circuit boards, custom made gate drivers, and water cooling, 3x220 A RMS is reached experimentally on a 154 cm\ub2 area and an efficiency of 95.6%

Power Sources for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This thesis has been carried out to investigate a few areas concerning electric and hybrid electric powered land vehicles. The main objective has been to analyze the efficiency of such power trains to compare them with canonical combustion engines, both in a tank-to-wheels basis and a well-to-wheels basis. One of the question formulations is if an electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charged by public electricity generated by a fossil plant will result in any environmental alleviation at all, in excess of reducing the local tailpipe pollution. To establish reasonable figures about a car's energy consumption in dynamic drive cycles such as the NEDC and the US06, a comprehensive simulation model has been used. The simulation results are presented as an analysis of waste energy, directly leading to an estimation of the potential of hybrid electric locomotion as a method to save energy and thus fuel. To form an overview about the new emerging market of hybrid electric vehicles, some of the topical key power train components are briefly discussed; combustion engines, electric machines, supercapacitors and batteries. The overview is rounded off with a brief discussion about motives behind the popularity of hybrid propulsion as well as some economical aspects from an end user point of view

Electromagnetic and Calorimetric Validation of a Direct Oil Cooled Tooth Coil Winding PM Machine for Traction Application

Tooth coil winding machines offer a low cost manufacturing process, high efficiency and high power density, making these attractive for traction applications. Using direct oil cooling in combination with tooth coil windings is an effective way of reaching higher power densities compared to an external cooling jacket. In this paper, the validation of the electromagnetic design for an automotive 600 V, 50 kW tooth coil winding traction machine is presented. The design process is a combination of an analytical sizing process and FEA optimization. It is shown that removing iron in the stator yoke for cooling channels does not affect electromagnetic performance significantly. In a previous publication, the machine is shown to be thermally capable of 25 A/mm2 (105 Nm) continuously, and 35 A/mm2 (140 Nm) during a 10 s peak with 6 l/min oil cooling. In this paper, inductance, torque and back EMF are measured and compared with FEA results showing very good agreement with the numerical design. Furthermore, the efficiency of the machine is validated by direct loss measurements, using a custom built calorimetric set-up in six operating points with an agreement within 0.9 units of percent between FEA and measured results

Relationship between chronic pain and cognition in cognitively intact older persons and patients with Alzheimer's disease; the need to control for mood

Background: Brain areas that are involved in cognition and mood also play a role in pain processing. Objective: The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between chronic pain and cognition [executive functions (EF) and memory], while controlling for mood, in cognitively intact older persons and in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Two groups of subjects participated: 20 older persons without dementia and 19 patients in an early stage of probable AD who suffered from arthrosis/arthritis. Pain intensity and pain affect were assessed by the Colored Analogue Scale for Pain Intensity and for Pain Affect, the Faces Pain Scale (FPS) and the Number of Words Chosen-Affective (NWC-A). Level of depression and anxiety were evaluated by questionnaires. EF and memory were assessed by neuropsychological tests. Results: The results show that significant correlations between specific cognitive functions, pain intensity and pain affect were lacking in the cognitively intact older persons. Cognition, in particular memory, appeared to be related to depressive symptoms. In contrast, a significant positive correlation was observed between EF, pain intensity and pain affect measured by the FPS in the AD group. Conclusions: Although older persons with depression were excluded, in studies on pain and cognition one should control for the presence of depressive symptoms in older persons with and without dementia. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG

The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium

[EN] Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.IRO, VMZM, HHU and PLS were supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) with a PhD fellowship (210085, 210100, 243380 and 219883, respectively). Work in the SDF laboratory was financed by the CONACyT grants CB-2012-177739, FC-2015-2/1061, and INFR-2015-253504, and NMM by the CONACyT grant CB-2011-165986. SDF, CF and LC acknowledge the support of the European Union FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES project EVOCODE (grant no. 247587) and H2020-MSCARISE-2015 project ExpoSEED (grant no. 691109). SDF also acknowledges the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole for a scholarship for the Gene Regulatory Networks for Development Course 2015 (GERN2015). IE acknowledges the International European Fellowship-METMADS project and the Universita degli Studi di Milano (RTD-A; 2016). Research in the laboratory of MFY was funded by NSF (grant IOS-1121055), NIH (grant 1R01GM112976-01A1) and the Paul D. Saltman Endowed Chair in Science Education (MFY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Reyes Olalde, J.; Zuñiga, V.; Serwatowska, J.; Chávez Montes, R.; Lozano-Sotomayor, P.; Herrera-Ubaldo, H.; Gonzalez Aguilera, K.... (2017). The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genetics. 13(4):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006726S131134Reyes-Olalde, J. I., Zuñiga-Mayo, V. M., Chávez Montes, R. A., Marsch-Martínez, N., & de Folter, S. (2013). Inside the gynoecium: at the carpel margin. Trends in Plant Science, 18(11), 644-655. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.002Alvarez-Buylla, E. 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Genome-wide meta-analysis for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers

Amyloid-beta 42 (A beta 42) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect core features of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) more directly than clinical diagnosis. Initiated by the European Alzheimer & Dementia Biobank (EADB), the largest collaborative effort on genetics underlying CSF biomarkers was established, including 31 cohorts with a total of 13,116 individuals (discovery n = 8074; replication n = 5042 individuals). Besides the APOE locus, novel associations with two other well-established AD risk loci were observed; CR1 was shown a locus for A beta 42 and BIN1 for pTau. GMNC and C16orf95 were further identified as loci for pTau, of which the latter is novel. Clustering methods exploring the influence of all known AD risk loci on the CSF protein levels, revealed 4 biological categories suggesting multiple A beta 42 and pTau related biological pathways involved in the etiology of AD. In functional follow-up analyses, GMNC and C16orf95 both associated with lateral ventricular volume, implying an overlap in genetic etiology for tau levels and brain ventricular volume.Peer reviewe

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues

Parameterization of Equivalent Circuit Models for High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries in HEV Applications

Three different linear equivalent electrical circuit models for power optimized lithium-ion batteries are parameterized and compared in a long dynamic load cycle representing typical hybrid electric vehicle usage. The goal is to estimate the voltage on the battery terminals by only using an open-loop electrical model. Model parameters are extracted trough a simple discharge pulse test and the parameter results are presented for five different types of batteries. A quantification of the model fit is presented and compared with similar studies

Experimental and model based evaluation of mile hybrid fuel consumption gains and electric machine utilization for personal vehicle application

A mild hybrid electric-diesel powertrain for personal vehicles is modeled with respect to longitudinal vehicle dynamics in real-world recorded drive cycles. The potential in terms of fuel consumption reduction in an ideal P0 and P2 mild hybrid electric system is evaluated in order to define the outer boundaries of how much the hybrid topologies can offer. The results are compared with logged data from real-world driving with a prototype vehicle in rural/highway and city drive cycles. The near-ideal powertrain model based simulations offer higher fuel consumption reductions than the prototype vehicle due to the ability of aggressively shutting off the combustion engine during low power requests. The largest reduction of fuel consumption calculated is 41% for a P2 configuration in city driving with a micro hybrid topology as reference. While quantifying the potential gains from an ideal P2 system, the resulting load profile for the traction assist electric machine is also extracted, giving valuable information for the detailed design process of a such machine. Fast cranking of the combustion engine is a key feature for mild hybrids, torque and energy requirements for this procedure is quantified: 1.1 kJ is needed in a 300 ms time window, which is also verified by measurements

Electro-thermal modeling of high-performance lithium-ion energy storage systems including reversible entropy heat

Two of the major heat sources in a high-performance automotive lithium-ion battery cell are parameterized in this study: Joule heat and entropy heat. Established electrochemical models are investigated and experiments are designed to acquire the relevant parameters such as open circuit voltage, entropy coefficient and internal impedance from ohmic losses and mass transport. It is shown that the irreversible joule heat and the reversible entropy heat has a similar magnitude at many operating points for the device tested. The strong influence of irreversible entropy heat has the potential to absorb all the joule heat in currents up to 135 A (C-rate of 13.5) charging and 66 A (6.6 C) discharge in a power optimized automotive lithiumion cell. It is also shown that, by including the entropy heat in a simple thermal model, the temperature error can be reduced down to 28 % and 44 % for under charging and discharging with high currents, respectively