The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Substance use and sexually transmitted infections among anti-retroviral treatment in Jimma University specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Substance use increases both the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, either directly or indirectly. The association of substance use and Sexually Transmitted Infections has not yet studied in Southwestern Ethiopia. The main aim of this study is to determine the associations between substance use and Sexually Transmitted Infections on clients under follow up in Anti-Retroviral Treatment clinic at Jimma University Specialized Hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on clients under follow up at Anti-Retroviral Treatment clinic from June 10 to July 10, 2011 at Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Data collection was done using a pre-coded and pre-tested questionnaire. Trained Anti-Retroviral Treatment adherence counselors collected the data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 16.0. Chi-square test was used to measure the levels of significance. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty eight Anti-Retroviral Treatment attendees participated in the study. Two hundred twenty (65.1%) of the study participants were females and their mean (±SD) age was 33.6 ± 8.04 years while 156 (46.2%) of them lied in the age group of 25-34 years. Clients who reported that they had Sexually Transmitted Infections were 120 (35.5%). Those who consumed alcohol were more likely to have contracted in Sexually Transmitted Infections: AOR (95% CI) =0.46 (0.26-0.80). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections was comparable among females and males. Substance use, particularly alcohol consumption, found to be a potential risk factor for Sexually Transmitted Infections.Keywords: Substance use, Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIVEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences vol 22 (3) 201