School dropouts or pushouts? Overcoming barriers for the right to education

Persistently high dropout rates are one of the biggest challenges to fulfilling the right to education in India. This paper attempts to assess the magnitude of the problem of dropout. The paper critically reviews the evidence on some of the commonly cited reasons for dropout, including poverty, limited to access to credit, child labour, and children’s and parents’ lack of interest in education. The paper argues that the literature rarely looks at the role of procedures and rules in schools and the wider education system in terms of pushing children out of school. It is the contention of this paper that the reason a persistently high dropout rate should be located in the absence of a social norm in terms of children’s right to education; and that this is reflected in the lack of systemic support available for children at risk of dropping out. The paper also documents an experiment initiated by MV Foundation in Shankarpalle Mandal, Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, where procedures, rules and practices relating to various aspects of school were changed to ensure that every child stayed in school and completed elementary level

Perceptions on Getting Children to Schools Before and After RTE Act <Special Issue : Right to Education>

The current article shows how until the enactment of the Right of Children for Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act) the Indian State had never given a wholehearted commitment to make education a fundamental right. It traces the attitudes and perceptions of the protagonists for universal education and the arguments that had systematically thwarted any investment for universalisation of education in India. The RTE Act is a breakthrough, as it guarantees right to all children in 6-14 years age group in India, and makes it a State obligation to provide for it as per the Act. However its implementation becomes a challenge for an education system which over time, had developed practices to exclude children and had compromised children’s access to schools. The system has to radically transform itself to reach out to every child by law

Nitrate reductase in relation to nodulation in cowpeas and mung beans

This article does not have an abstract