Observed Risk Factors and the Prevalence of Potential Oral Malignant Lesions among a North Indian Population

INTRODUCTION: The menace of oral cancer has become a public health concern and its prevalence is increasing with every passing day, making it the sixth most common cancer across the globe. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for potential oral malignant disorders in a middle aged north Indian population.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adopting a Cross-sectional study design, this study examined a total of 944 participants in the Delhi-NCR region and males formed a majority of the population (569, 60.3%). Data was collected using a pre-tested and pre-validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was applied and the chi-squared test (for qualitative data) and independent samples t-test(for quantitative data) was applied to find out statistical differences (Using SPSS 21.0), if any.RESULTS: It was reported that 201 (21.29%) of the study population suffered from oral malignant lesions, and the most prevalent lesion was OSMF [115, 12.18%] followed by leukoplakia [49, 5.19%]. The prevalence of oral malignant lesions among males was found to be higher(18.97%) as compared to females. A significant difference was found between the oral lesions and tobacco ever and never chewers (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results indicate a need to focus tobacco cessation programmes in the population of Delhi-NCR and reinforce it from time to time to reduce the burden of such Oral Malignant Disorders

Oral Hygiene (OHI-S) and DMFT Status among Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents Aged 12-19 Years: A Case-Control Study

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes in any form (type 1 or type 2) has the potential to affect the oral health of an individual. AIM: To assess the oral hygiene status (simplified) and DMFT among adolescents aged 12-19 years with type 1 diabetes (cases) in Jammu District, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 50 patients aged 12-19 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus, screened via medical history from  August 2017 to August 2018 were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 51 healthy adolescents matched for age and gender selected randomly. The DMFT index was used to record the Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth, while the OHI-S Index was used to assess the Oral Hygiene Status. The examinations were done under artificial light and  data was analyzed using SPSS version  19.0. The t-test, Odd’s Ratio (OR) and multiple regression were used to analyze the data.  RESULTS: Of a total of 101 participants(50 cases and 51 controls) enrolled in the study, cases reported higher values of OHI-S and DMFT  as compared to controls. The cases had an OHI-S score of 3.12±3.2 indicating poor oral hygiene, the controls’ score of 2.54±1.1 revealed fair oral hygiene and no significant statistical differences were found (OR=2.1). A significant difference (p=0.03) was seen upon comparison of DMFT among cases (4.67±6.6) and controls (3.82±2.9). The cases were 1.7 (OR) times more likely to have higher DMF values as compared to controls CONCLUSION: Efforts must be reinforced among adolescents emphasizing the importance of oral health, through more frequent dental education camps in Jammu district, J&K, Indi

Monitoring And Suppression Of Chromatic Dispersion Using Electronic Equalizer In Fiber Optic Communication Link

ABSTRACT: Dispersion phenomenon limits the performance of an optical fiber communication link very often, which causes the optical pulse to broaden as they travel through the fiber. These expanded pulses may overlap with each other at the output giving rise to Intersymbolic Interference (ISI). Dispersion posses a great hindrance to achieve high data rates and longer links in fiber optic communication system and hence dispersion compensation has become an issue of great importance. One of the methods to reduce ISI in signal is equalization of received signal. In this paper investigation has been done an adaptive equalization to reduce ISI caused by dispersion in optical links. Simulations are performed using Electronic Equalizer in order to monitor and suppress dispersion in optical links. Considerable improvement in the overall quality of signal can be seen in results of these simulations. Q factor before equalization was measured and found to be 64.037. Q factor was shown to improve after equalization and attained highest value of 102.843 when leakage factor was taken to be 1, step size 0.003, forward tap space 2, and no of forward taps 4

PLATE FIN AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

The main objective of the present work is to investigation of optimum design of plate fin tube heat exchanger using Computational fluid dynamic approach and maximizing thermal performance. There are total five designs of plate fin and tube heat exchanger are used in present work and CFD analysis have been performed in it to get maximum heat transfer. It has been observed from CFD analysis that the maximum heat transfer can be achieved from plate fin and tube heat exchanger with elliptical tube arrangement inclined at 30o with 23.22% more heat transfer capacity as compared to circular tube plate pin heat exchanger. So that it is recommended that if the plate fins and tube heat exchanger with inclined elliptical tube used in place of circular tube arrangement, batter heat transfer can be achieved

Lychee Associated Encephalopathy: Myth or Reality?

Once again, lychee fruit is flashing in the Indian news headlines after being criticized for association with fatal encephalopathy in Muzaffarpur region of Bihar. More than a 100 children in the district have lost their lives to this mysterious deadly outbreak. The research work behind the etiopathology of this lethal disease is minimal. There is a constant need of reporting these kind of unusual breakouts and analysing the data on basis of clinical and laboratory records. The health professionals will have to focus the target population, using preventive and curative measures, but this could be done only if substantial research is available for meta-analysis to reach a decision that could effectively and satisfactorily control this fatal and life-threatening public health issue

6G Network Architecture Using FSO-PDM/PV-OCDMA System with Weather Performance Analysis

This paper presents a novel 160 Gbps free space optics (FSO) communication system for 6G applications. Polarization division multiplexing (PDM) is integrated with an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique to form a PDM-OCDMA hybrid. There are two polarization states: one is X-polarization generated from adjusting the azimuthal angle of a light source at 0° while the other is Y-polarization which is generated by adjusting the azimuthal angle of a light source at 90°. Each polarization state is used for the transmission of four independent users. Each channel is assigned by permutation vector (PV) codes and carries 20 Gbps data. Four different weather conditions are considered for evaluating the performance of our proposed model. These weather conditions are clear air (CA), foggy conditions (low fog (LF), medium fog (MF), and heavy fog (HF)), dust storms (low dust storm (LD), moderate dust storm (MD), heavy dust storm (HD)), and snowfall (wet snow (WS) and dry snow (DS)). Bit error rate (BER), Q-factors, maximum propagation range, channel capacity, and eye diagrams are used for evaluating the performance of the proposed model. Simulation results assure successful transmission of 160 Gbps overall capacity for eight channels. The longest FSO range is 7 km which occurred under CA while the minimum is achieved under HD, which is 0.112 km due to large attenuation caused by HD. Within fog conditions, the maximum propagation distances are 1.525 km in LF, 1.05 km in MF, and 0.85 km in HF. Likewise, under WS and DS, the proposed system can support transmission distances of 1.15 km and 0.28 km, respectively. All these transmission distances are achieved at BER less than 10−5

Facial Palsy due to Parotid Abscess: An Unusual Complication

Facial nerve palsy is usually associated with a malignant parotid neoplasm; it is highly unusual for it to result from a benign situation, such as inflammation or infection of the parotid gland. Surgery along with prompt medical treatment is the mainstay, and in the majority of the patients, nerve paralysis recovers in the follow-up period. We report a case of a 50-year-old non-diabetic non-hypertensive female who presented with odynophagia, left-sided parotid swelling, and left facial nerve palsy. The diagnosis of facial nerve palsy due to a parotid abscess extending to the parapharyngeal space was made. Facial palsy fully recovered within 2 months

Performance Investigation of 1.6 Tbps Hybrid WDM-PDM-OFDM-based Free Space Optics Transmission Link

A novel ultra-high capacity free space optics (FSO) link has been developed by incorporating hybrid wavelength divison multiplexing (WDM)-polarization division multiplexing (PDM)-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques with 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signals. Coherent detection is employed to enhance the receiver sensitivity in the presence of channel efects. The proposed link is analyzed under the impact of dynamic weather conditions viz. haze, rain, dust and fog using bit error rate, optical signal to noise ratio, error vector magnitude and maximum transmission range performance metrics. Sixteen independent DWDM channels with 0.8 nm channel spacing each carrying 100 Gbps data are successfully tranported using the proposed FSO link realizing a net data rate of 1.6 Tbps. Furthermore, we demonstrated a performance comparison of the link with contemporary works. The proposed FSO link provides a feasible and viable solution to implement ultra-high-capacity wireless transmission networks for last-mile access.A novel ultra-high capacity free space optics (FSO) link has been developed by incorporating hybrid wavelength divison multiplexing (WDM)-polarization division multiplexing (PDM)-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques with 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signals. Coherent detection is employed to enhance the receiver sensitivity in the presence of channel efects. The proposed link is analyzed under the impact of dynamic weather conditions viz. haze, rain, dust and fog using bit error rate, optical signal to noise ratio, error vector magnitude and maximum transmission range performance metrics. Sixteen independent DWDM channels with 0.8 nm channel spacing each carrying 100 Gbps data are successfully tranported using the proposed FSO link realizing a net data rate of 1.6 Tbps. Furthermore, we demonstrated a performance comparison of the link with contemporary works. The proposed FSO link provides a feasible and viable solution to implement ultra-high-capacity wireless transmission networks for last-mile access