Review on Analysis of LTE and Cognitive Radio Network using OFDM signal

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) are built to achieve high data rates with low latency and packet optimized system. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM) is adopted as the access technology for LTE in modern technology. OFDM provides several techniques and advantages for spectrum allocations to network segments, intra-cell Radio Resource Management (RRM) using Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment (DSA), Adaptive Power Allocation and Adaptive Modulation (AM) methods, providing the means for a flexible RRM scheme capable to address the problems of the service or cell area and provide solutions for proper network adaptation

Modeling of Split Ring Resonators loaded microstrip line with different orientations

This paper presents the different circuit approaches of the electric and magnetic interaction of Single Split Ring Resonator (SRR) loaded microstrip line. We loaded the microstrip line with planar square split ring resonator in different configurations and orientations. The modeling behavior of metamaterials-based microstrip lines loaded with single and two-mirrored split ring resonators is analyzed numerically in two orientations (with gap of SRR parallel and perpendicular to the line). The full wave simulations are performed for the single and two-mirrored split ring resonators loaded microstrip inside a waveguide with ‘High Frequency Structure Simulator’ software. The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained for the single split ring resonator loaded with microstrip line with the gap parallel and near to the line from transmission line theory  that make use of just the resonance frequency and minimum of the reflection coefficient. The simulation of different orientations of split ring resonator gives better reflection coefficient and wider frequency

The WTO Perspective on Subsidies in International Trade

Not long after the end of the Second World War economists and policy makers started considering free trade as a method of maximizing welfare, and also as a means of finding solutions to social and political problems. After the formation of the GATT in 1947 and WTO in 1995, governmental policies of the member states have continued moving forward to a system of free trade. The majority of nations have started following liberal trade policies, both in their pursuit of domestic economic objectives and while contributing to world trade. When government policies start inducing a system of liberal market economy, they have to modify the underlying economic concepts of government, and further make it suitable to cotemporary cross border trade requirements. First, government has to agree not to increase the existing levels of tariffs and second, when existing tariffs are lowered, it is likely that an even greater number of industries (domestic and foreign) will face the need to adjust to the competitive market situations. With the newly developed market conditions, nations start competing with each other for profitable international business. Consequently, they resort to policies of granting aid and subsidies, so as to maintain a dominant position in the market. As far as obligations under the WTO are concerned, all members are automatically bound by all the multilateral trade agreements, including the “Agreements on Agriculture and Subsides and Countervailing Measures (ASCM),” as well as the “Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU)”.1Additionally, member states, while framing domestic policies, should ensure that WTO subsidy provisions are not breached. In so oing it is also necessary for WTO members to bear in mind the provisions of Article 31(1) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.2 In practice, there is invariable use of subsidies by nations even for minor reasons. Over time this practice is substantiated by legal precedent, ironically, indifferent to the vagueness of their purpose. The indiscriminate use of subsidies is contrary to the basic objectives of the WTO and enhanced legal complexities follow. It has led to the demand for broader legal support for various other subsidies with unclear objectives. To understand the far reaching effects of subsidies in international trade, we start with discussing state aid. The impact of subsidies and state aid in international trade can be divided in two stages. A noticeable aspect of such aid and subsidies is that they improve the initial conditions of an enterprise and later, these aids and subsidies act as a factor for export promotion. In order to understand market practices better, it is necessary to distinguish between state-aid and subsidy. Although, the two terms are different they have some commonness also. More significantly, the legal approach towards these two terms varies

Observational study for the functional outcome of humerus shaft fractures treated with plating versus nailing

Background: Fractures of the humerus diaphysis comprise approximately 3% of all fractures. It’s treatment has mainly been conservative in the past but is not well tolerated by the patient now a days. Also, all humerus shaft fractures are not amenable to conservative methods. Operative interventions like dynamic compression plating and intramedullary nailing are associated with better functional outcome. There has been a lot of debate on which of the above two surgical methods is better for management of humeral shaft fractures to ensure better functional outcome and lesser complication rate. Objective were to compare the results of the plating and nailing in the treatment of humerus shaft with reference to A) functional outcome and B) complications and their management.Methods: All patients with fracture of humeral shaft presenting to the department of orthopaedics, MMIMSR, during the study period and that met our criteria were included in the study. Out of total 30 patients, 15 were randomly selected for intramedullary nailing and 15 for plating. Postoperatively, these patients were followed up for 6 months and relevant data was collected. Time taken for union, post operative complications rate and final functional outcome were then compared in the two groups. Study design was observational study.Results: It was observed that most of the patient that sustained humeral shaft fractures were 18-40 years of age. Post-operatively, fractures treated by plating united earlier, had lesser complications and significantly better functional outcome compared to nailing.Conclusions: We concluded that plating is a better method and more acceptable to patients as compare to intramedullary nailing for the treatment of fractures shaft humerus, as it is associated with better functional outcome, earlier union of fracture and lesser complication rate

Interactive effects of rice-residue biochar and N-fertilizer on soil functions and crop biomass in contrasting soils

There is limited understanding of the effects of rice residue biochar, particularly when applied in combination with nitrogen (N) fertilizer on soil fertility, soil C sequestration and crop productivity. A one-year pot experiment was established to examine effects of rice residue biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha-1) and N (0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1) in soils with contrasting texture (loamy sand and sandy clay loam) in a wheat(maize cropping sequence. Biochar was only applied once before sowing wheat. Biochar alone or in combination with N did not significantly increase wheat biomass in both soils, whereas biomass of maize (next crop) was significantly increased from the residual effect of biochar, alone or in combination with N fertilizer. In both soils, electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, oxidisable organic carbon (OC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and available nutrients (NPK) increased with increasing rates of biochar addition. However, addition of N with biochar (cf. biochar alone) did not change pH and oxidisable OC values but increased EC significantly. After one year, the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks increased beyond the input of biochar-C, that is, by 0.1-2.1 t ha-1 and 1.8-4.8 t ha-1 in loamy sand and sandy clay loam, respectively, across all treatments. It may be concluded that the potential benefits of rice residue biochar to soil functions and crop production may encourage growers to minimise open field burning of straw, which is a common practice in the region

Effect of Topical Application of Binahong [Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] Leaf Paste in Wound Healing Process in Mice

Background: Wound caused by trauma poses challenging daily clinical problems for physicians in hospitals and other health services. It has high risk for mortality and morbidity. Binahong [Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] plant originates from China and can be found abundantly in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of topical application of Binahong leaf paste on wound healing process.Methods: A laboratory experimental study was conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, from October to December 2012 by using 27 Mus Muscularis mice which were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (sodium chloride 0.9%), group 2 (Binahong) and group 3 (povidone iodine 5%). Binahong leaves were crushed and were mixed with water to make a paste. The application was given for 12 days. On day zero, 1.0 cm2 of wound was incised at the back of the mice, and further on day 1, 4, 8 and 12, the percentage of wound contraction was measured. The data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney test.Results: The study indicated that the percentage of wound contraction in group 2 on day 4 (1.17%), day 8 (23.7%) and day 12 (76.14%) is the highest among all groups. The result showed that the comparison between binahong and NaCl was highly significant on day 12, p= 0.001 (p < 0.05) and the data for comparison between Binahong and povidone iodine on day 12 was significant with p= 0.003 (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Topical application of Binahong leaf paste shows better result in wound healing process of Mus muscularis mice. From this study it can be concluded that binahong promotes wound healing and can be used for home remedies for wound care and as an alternative traditional way to treat wound.[AMJ.2014;1(1):6–11]Keywords: Binahong [Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis], povidone iodine, wound healingEfek Aplikasi pasta daun Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] secara topikal dalam proses penyembuhan luka pada tikus jenis MusmuscularisLatar Belakang: Luka yang disebabkan oleh trauma menjadi masalah klinis yang menantang bagi para dokter di rumah sakit maupun bagi petugas kesehatan lainnya dalam melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari. Luka yang timbul tersebut memiliki risiko yang tinggi terhadap mortalitas dan morbiditas. Tanaman Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] berasal dari Cina dan banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk mengetahui efek dari aplikasi pasta daun Binahong secara topikal terhadap proses penyembuhan luka.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmakologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, mulai Oktober–Desember 2012, menggunakan tikus jenis MusMuscularis sebanyak 27 ekor, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 (natrium klorida 0,9%), kelompok 2 (pasta daun Binahong) dan kelompok 3 (povidone iodine 5%). Daun Binahong dihancurkan dan ditambahkan sedikit air sehingga menjadi bentuk pasta. Perlakuan diberikan selama 12 hari. Pada hari 0 dilakukan insisi pada punggung tikus untuk membuat luka sebesar 1,0 cm2. Persentase kontraksi luka akan dinilai pada hari ke-1, 4, 8, dan 12. Kontraksi luka adalah pengurangan luas pada area luka. Hasil penilaian tersebut akan dibandingkan pada tiap kelompok untuk melihat efektivitas aplikasi topikal pasta daun Binahong. Data akan dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kontraksi luka kelompok 2 pada hari ke-4 (1,17%), hari ke-8 (23,7%), dan hari ke-12 (76,14%) adalah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok lainnya. Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan sangat signifikan antara perbandingan Binahong dan natrium klorida pada hari ke-12, dengan p=0,001 (p<0,05). Perbandingan antara Binahong dan povidone iodine pada hari ke-12 juga menunjukkan hasil signifikan dengan p=0,003 (p<0,05).Simpulan: Aplikasi pasta daun Binahong secara topikal menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dalam proses penyembuhan luka pada tikus jenis Musmuscularis. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Binahong mempercepat penyembuhan luka serta dapat digunakan untuk perawatan luka di rumah dan sebagai cara alternatif yang bersifat tradisional untuk mengobati luka.Kata kunci: Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis], penyembuhan luka, povidone iodine DOI: dx.doi.org/10.15850/amj.v1n1.28

Beneficial effects of Morus alba and Azadirachta indica leaf extract based combination cream in scalding type burn injury in rats

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of a combination cream of aqueous extracts of leaves of Morus alba (MA) and Azadirachta indica (AI) in scalding type burn wound injury in rats.Methods: Plant material was successively extracted and aqueous extracts were selected. Three extract based cream formulations viz. 20% w/w(MA), 20% w/w (AI), and combination cream containing 10%+10% w/w (MA+AI) were prepared. Cream base and standard anti-burn cream containing silver sulfadiazine were also used for comparison. Scalding type burn was given by pouring water at 90°C on a shaved dorsal area of 20 mm2. Deep second-degree burn injury was produced which was evaluated for next 21 days for a percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelialization. On 21st day, animals were sacrificed and histopathological slides were prepared using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Burned tissue was also screened for levels of oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) estimation.Results: There was a significant increase in the percentage of wound contraction and significant decrease in period of epithelialization in MA, AI, and MA+AI combination cream treated group as compared with control group. However, most significant results were obtained with MA+AI combination cream. Histologically, MA+AI cream treatment resulted in almost complete re-epithelialization and restructuring of the wound tissue. There was a significant rise in TBARS and decrease in GSH levels in burn injury group which was reversed to a major extent by the application of combination cream.Conclusions: The results indicate toward the possible role of free radical scavenging potential of extracts in the Burn wound tissue healing

Percutaneous transolecranon pinning and lateral pinning Vs lateral pinning in displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus in children: an observative study

Background: Supracondylar fracture (humerus) is type of extra-articular fracture occurring in the distal metaphyseal site of humerus. It is almost exclusively a fracture of the immature skeleton, seen in children and young teenagers. Fractures around the elbow are a great challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult due to noncooperative patient and massive swelling around the elbow. Displaced type of supracondylar fractures poses problem not only in reduction but also in maintenance of reduced fracture   and   rapid   inclusion   of nerves and vessels.Methods: The present study was conducted on 30 cases of displaced supracondylar fracture humerus in children, aged 2-14 years, who were treated by CRPP with either lateral entry of k-wires or a lateral wire and a vertical wire through olecranon (transolecranon).Results: Both the Groups achieved 90% satisfactory results, but 10% unsatisfactory results recorded in Group A only rather than in Group B.Conclusions: Although the transolecranon wire has the disadvantage of limiting the flexion and extension of the elbow, this does not influence the final-outcome much as the elbow is fixed in a POP splint for minimum 3 weeks-in all patients in both groups

Effect of Topical Application of Binahong [Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] Leaf Paste in Wound Healing Process in Mice

Background: Wound caused by trauma poses challenging daily clinical problems for physicians in hospitals and other health services. It has high risk for mortality and morbidity. Binahong [Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] plant originates from China and can be found abundantly in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of topical application of Binahong leaf paste on wound healing process.Methods: A laboratory experimental study was conducted at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, from October to December 2012 by using 27 Mus Muscularis mice which were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (sodium chloride 0.9%), group 2 (Binahong) and group 3 (povidone iodine 5%). Binahong leaves were crushed and were mixed with water to make a paste. The application was given for 12 days. On day zero, 1.0 cm2 of wound was incised at the back of the mice, and further on day 1, 4, 8 and 12, the percentage of wound contraction was measured. The data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney test.Results: The study indicated that the percentage of wound contraction in group 2 on day 4 (1.17%), day 8 (23.7%) and day 12 (76.14%) is the highest among all groups. The result showed that the comparison between binahong and NaCl was highly significant on day 12, p= 0.001 (p < 0.05) and the data for comparison between Binahong and povidone iodine on day 12 was significant with p= 0.003 (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Topical application of Binahong leaf paste shows better result in wound healing process of Mus muscularis mice. From this study it can be concluded that binahong promotes wound healing and can be used for home remedies for wound care and as an alternative traditional way to treat wound.[AMJ.2014;1(1):6–11]Keywords: Binahong [Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis], povidone iodine, wound healingEfek Aplikasi pasta daun Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] secara topikal dalam proses penyembuhan luka pada tikus jenis MusmuscularisLatar Belakang: Luka yang disebabkan oleh trauma menjadi masalah klinis yang menantang bagi para dokter di rumah sakit maupun bagi petugas kesehatan lainnya dalam melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari. Luka yang timbul tersebut memiliki risiko yang tinggi terhadap mortalitas dan morbiditas. Tanaman Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis] berasal dari Cina dan banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk mengetahui efek dari aplikasi pasta daun Binahong secara topikal terhadap proses penyembuhan luka.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmakologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, mulai Oktober–Desember 2012, menggunakan tikus jenis MusMuscularis sebanyak 27 ekor, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 (natrium klorida 0,9%), kelompok 2 (pasta daun Binahong) dan kelompok 3 (povidone iodine 5%). Daun Binahong dihancurkan dan ditambahkan sedikit air sehingga menjadi bentuk pasta. Perlakuan diberikan selama 12 hari. Pada hari 0 dilakukan insisi pada punggung tikus untuk membuat luka sebesar 1,0 cm2. Persentase kontraksi luka akan dinilai pada hari ke-1, 4, 8, dan 12. Kontraksi luka adalah pengurangan luas pada area luka. Hasil penilaian tersebut akan dibandingkan pada tiap kelompok untuk melihat efektivitas aplikasi topikal pasta daun Binahong. Data akan dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kontraksi luka kelompok 2 pada hari ke-4 (1,17%), hari ke-8 (23,7%), dan hari ke-12 (76,14%) adalah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok lainnya. Hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan sangat signifikan antara perbandingan Binahong dan natrium klorida pada hari ke-12, dengan p=0,001 (p<0,05). Perbandingan antara Binahong dan povidone iodine pada hari ke-12 juga menunjukkan hasil signifikan dengan p=0,003 (p<0,05).Simpulan: Aplikasi pasta daun Binahong secara topikal menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik dalam proses penyembuhan luka pada tikus jenis Musmuscularis. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Binahong mempercepat penyembuhan luka serta dapat digunakan untuk perawatan luka di rumah dan sebagai cara alternatif yang bersifat tradisional untuk mengobati luka.Kata kunci: Binahong [AnrederaCordifolia (Ten.) Steenis], penyembuhan luka, povidone iodine DOI: dx.doi.org/10.15850/amj.v1n1.28

MULTI-FACETED GEOSCIENCE RESEARCH USING OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES: THE SUCCESSFUL PARTICIPATION OF K9-16 STUDENTS

Students interested in geosciences, for the most part, missed out their traditional field- based research activities due to strict social distancing, travel restrictions and/or lacking financial support. An absence of physical laboratory opportunities forced students to choose topics deemed doable through online research. Available data from online sources on extreme weather related case studies, flooding, droughts, groundwater depletion in urban and suburban areas, coastal erosion rate, sealevel rise, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric pollution became quite handy and lucrative. Readily available pertinent data sources enabled K9-16 students to conduct summer research at “stay home” situations. Selective peer mentoring was also available remotely to representative students, mostly led by geology faculty. It certainly facilitated both individual and group-based learning of geoscience- related research. Group projects were very effective in promoting team dynamics by encouraging participating students to engage in discussions during breakout sessions. This aspect is very significant for students, considering geoscience-related research often requires close collaboration between multiple individuals. The retrieval of online data mostly became available to students from regularly posted information by the NASA Earth Observatory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, American Meteorological Society, European Space Agency, United States Geological Survey, and Environmental Protection Agency. Filtering of critical data and establishing their relevance to a chosen topic often required patience and proper time management. Once the data were selected, students needed to run basic statistical investigations and come up with graphical representations, document trends, and signify their bearing on the overarching research question. The outcome is that COVID 19 opened up a new dimension and pedagogical approach to engage K9-16 students in geoscience-related research. Engaged students became proficient in data collection techniques, acquired scientific communication skills, and learnt about time management. Overall, the K9-16 students involved became self- motivated and were highly successful in reaching their research goals