Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Supramolecular complexes of bambusurils with dialkyl phosphates

<p>¹H NMR spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate supramolecular complexes of bambusurils and dialkyl phosphates. It was shown that bambusuril forms external complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with dialkyl phosphates in chloroform solution. Conversely, a 2:1 complex was observed in the solid state in which each of the opposed macrocycle portals is occupied by one phosphate anion. Exclusive preference of external over inclusion binding of organic phosphates with bambusuril precludes these complexes to be used for the preparation of interlocked structures.</p

Binding Selectivity of Cucurbit[7]uril: Bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene versus 4,4′-Bipyridinium Guest Sites.

The binding interactions between the host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and a series of linear guests containing bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene and/or 4,4'-bipyridinium residues were investigated by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. CB7 was found to exhibit considerable binding selectivity for bis(pyridinium)-1,4-xylylene over 4,4'-bipyridinium sites. New pseudo-rotaxane and rotaxane compounds were synthesized utilizing the host-guest interactions between CB7 and the surveyed guests. [structure: see text

Switching a molecular shuttle on and off: simple, pH-controlled pseudorotaxanes based on cucurbit[7]uril

none3noneV. Sindelar; S. Silvi; A. E. KaiferV. Sindelar; S. Silvi; A. E. Kaife

Pronounced pH effects on the kinetics of cucurbit[7]uril-based pseudorotaxane formation and dissociation

none4siDeprotonation of the two terminal COOH groups on a 4,4'-bipyridinium linear derivative leads to a pronounced slow down on the kinetics of threading and unthreading by the cucurbit[7]uril host.noneA. E. Kaifer; W. Li; S. Silvi; V. SindelarA. E. Kaifer; W. Li; S. Silvi; V. Sindela

Water-mediated inclusion of benzoates and tosylates inside the bambusuril macrocycle

A supramolecular complex between benzoates and a bambusuril crystallizes out immediately after mixing in chloroform but only in the presence of residual water molecules. In this complex each of the two portals of the macrocycle is occupied by one benzoate. Carboxylate groups are connected through hydrogen bonding interactions with one molecule of water positioned between them in the center of the bambusuril cavity. Similar water assisted host-guest behavior was also observed when tosylates instead of benzoates were used