Pecuária e efeito estufa: importância da qualidade do sistema de produção.

bitstream/CNPDIA-2009-09/11892/1/CT95_2008.pd

There and back again: molecular phylogenetics of the Brazilian endemic Psyllocarpus (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) supports a circumscription of the genus based on its original concept

The Spermacoce clade (tribe Spermacoceae) is one of the most taxonomically complex groups in Rubiaceae due to the unclear delimitation of Borreria and Spermacoce, in which several smaller genera are phylogenetically intermingled. One of these genera is the Brazilian endemic Psyllocarpus, whose circumscription was broadened, thereby including two sections. Psyllocarpus sect. Psyllocarpus, being based on the original genus delineation, includes nine species, distributed in the Cerrado and campo rupestre of eastern Brazil, whereas P. sect. Amazonica comprises three species, occurring in the Amazonian campinas. Furthermore, P. intermedius was not classified in any of these sections when it was later described. In order to test the monophyly of Psyllocarpus and assess its relationships to other genera, we conducted phylogenetic analyses, sampling across the whole Spermacoce clade, including nearly all Psyllocarpus species. A combined nuclear ribosomal (ETS and ITS) and plastid (rps16 and trnLtrnF) dataset was generated, representing 124 species (ca 25% of the species in the clade) in 15 genera (ca 65%). Various methodologies were applied to investigate the degree of incongruence among markers and address the lack of resolution and low support values for some branches. Our results revealed that Psyllocarpus is not monophyletic. Psyllocarpus campinorum (from P . sect. Amazonica) and P intermedius are situated as distinct lineages in the Spermacoce clade, yet do not belong to Psyllocarpus. Members of section Psyllocarpus form a strongly supported clade sister to Staelia and was recovered with high to maximum support across different datasets and inference methods. Therefore, Psyllocarpus has to be circumscribed based on its original concept, excluding P. sect. Amazonica and P. intermedius. This establishes the genus as a monophyletic and easily diagnosable taxon, characterized by terete leaves, homostylous flowers, a bilobate calyx, included stamens and style, and compressed, septifragally dehiscent capsules with a persistent septum

Dedicated versus mainstreaming approaches in local climate plans in Europe

Cities are gaining prominence committing to respond to the threat of climate change, e.g., by developing local climate plans or strategies. However, little is known regarding the approaches and processes of plan development and implementation, or the success and effectiveness of proposed measures. Mainstreaming is regarded as one approach associated with (implementation) success, but the extent of integration of local climate policies and plans in ongoing sectoral and/or development planning is unclear. This paper analyses 885 cities across the 28 European countries to create a first reference baseline on the degree of climate mainstreaming in local climate plans. This will help to compare the benefits of mainstreaming versus dedicated climate plans, looking at policy effectiveness and ultimately delivery of much needed climate change efforts at the city level. All core cities of the European Urban Audit sample were analyzed, and their local climate plans classified as dedicated or mainstreamed in other local policy initiatives. It was found that the degree of mainstreaming is low for mitigation (9% of reviewed cities; 12% of the identified plans) and somewhat higher for adaptation (10% of cities; 29% of plans). In particular horizontal mainstreaming is a major effort for local authorities; an effort that does not necessarily pay off in terms of success of action implementation. This study concludes that climate change issues in local municipalities are best tackled by either, developing a dedicated local climate plan in parallel to a mainstreamed plan or by subsequently developing first the dedicated and later a mainstreaming plan (joint or subsequent “dual track approach”). Cities that currently provide dedicated local climate plans (66% of cities for mitigation; 26% of cities for adaptation) may follow-up with a mainstreaming approach. This promises effective implementation of tangible climate actions as well as subsequent diffusion of climate issues into other local sector policies. The development of only broad sustainability or resilience strategies is seen as critical.We thank the many council representatives that supported the datacollection. Special thanks to Birgit Georgi who helped in setting up this large net work of researchers across the EU-28. We also thank the EU COST Action TU 0902 (ledbyRichardDawson) that established the core research network and the positive engagement and interaction of th emembers of this group. OH is Fellow of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and was funded by the UK EPSRC LC Transforms: Low Carbon Transitions of Fleet Operations in Metropolitan Sites Project (grant number EP/N010612/1). EKL was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Czechia, within the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I) (grant number LO1415). DG ac-knowledges support by the Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR), Italy ("Departments of Excellence" grant L. 232/2016). HO was supported by the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonia (grantnumberIUT34-17). MO acknowledges funding from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), Spain (grant number IJCI-2016-28835). SS acknowledges that CENSE's research is partially funded by the Science Foundation, Portugal (grant number UID/AMB/04085/2019). The paper reflects only the views of the authors. The European Union, the European Environment Agency or other supporting bodies are not liable for any use that may be made of the information that is provided in this manuscript

Advances in the phylogenetic study of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae) with emphasis on the genus Cinchona and Ladenbergia

In its current circumscription, the Cinchoneae tribe includes 9 genera of neotropical distribution. Its species occur mostly in the Andes in South America, with few reaching Central America. Preliminary phylogenetic studies have suggested the monophyly of Cinchoneae but intrageneric relationships are still debatable. In this study, we sampled 8 genera of Cinchoneae (with ca 50% of species for Cinchona and Ladenbergia) and obtained multiple single-copy nuclear loci (ca 207 genes) by using the “Angiosperm353 universal probe set”, which was complemented with a taxonomic review of Cinchoneae. Phylogenetic inferences were realized with multispecies pseudo-coalescent (ASTRAL III) and gene concatenation analysis (ML). Our results strongly support the monophyly of the tribe and most of the genera, except for Ladenbergia. Furthermore, Ciliosemina, Ladenbergia, and Remijia formed a clade, although the position of Ciliosemina (= Remijia pedunculata) and Ladenbergia muzonensis is still elusive. The position of Ladenbergia muzonensis is intriguing due to its intermedíate floral morphology, which resembles both Remijia and Ladenbergia species. Additionally, our phylogeny also supports the recognition of a new species in Cinchona. Finally, our results show that sequencing data using the probe set designed for multiple gene capture is a useful tool for phylogenetic reconstructions in taxonomically complex groups

Biometrical, biochemical and molecular diagnosis of Portuguese Meloidogyne hispanica isolates

Meloidogyne hispanica infects many economically important crops worldwide. The accurate identification of this pathogen is essential for the establishment of efficient and sustainable integrated pest management programs. Portuguese M. hispanica isolates were studied by biometrical, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. Biometrical characteristics of M. hispanica females, males, and second-stage juveniles were similar to the original description. Biochemical studies revealed a unique enzyme pattern (Hi4) for M. hispanica esterases that allowed for species differentiation. Molecular analysis of the mtDNA region from COII and 16S rRNA genes resulted in amplification products (1,800 bp) similar to M. hispanica, M. ethiopica, and M. javanica, and the described HinfI was unable to discriminate M. hispanica from the other two species. Analysis of the mtDNA sequences revealed altered nucleotides among the isolates that created new restriction sites for AluI and DraIII. The resulting restriction patterns successfully discriminated between the three species, providing a new tool for Meloidogyne identification. Finally, the phylogenetic relationship between M. hispanica and several Meloidogyne spp. sequences was analyzed using mtDNA, confirming the divergence between meiotic and mitotic species and revealing the proximity of M. hispanica to closely related species. Based on the studies conducted, the application of isozyme or polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis would be a useful and efficient methodology for M. hispanica identification. </jats:p

Respostas do metabolismo enzimático de plantas de sorgo granífero Irrigados com água salina.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as respostas do metabolismo enzimático de plantas de sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) irrigadas com água salina em condições semiáridas

European patterns of local adaptation planning—a regional analysis

\ua9 The Author(s) 2024.While European regions face a range of different climate hazards, little is known about how these differences affect local climate adaptation planning. We present an analytical framework for evaluating local climate adaptation plans (LCAPs) and apply it to 327 cities in 28 countries across different European regions. To do this, we use statistical methods to identify regional clusters based on overall plan quality, impacts, vulnerable population groups, and sectors addressed by LCAPs. By comparing both geographic and statistical clusters, we found (1) significant spatial heterogeneity across European cities but (2) higher average plan quality scores and more consistent strategies across cities in Central and Eastern Europe. Notably, we found no regional differences regarding (a) the climate impacts and vulnerable communities identified in plans: (b) the most commonly addressed impacts, which were urban temperature and changing precipitation patterns; and (c) the residents that cities identified as most vulnerable, namely older people, women, infants, and the sick. Our study provides a spatial analysis of European LCAPs to uncover regional policy perspectives on local climate adaptation issues. Such approaches can effectively inform broader EU, national and regional strategies that aim to support local adaptation planning in a context of multi-level governance

Epidermal Growth Factor–PEG Functionalized PAMAM-Pentaethylenehexamine Dendron for Targeted Gene Delivery Produced by Click Chemistry

Aim of this study was the site-specific conjugation of an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain by click chemistry onto a poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendron, as a key step toward defined multifunctional carriers for targeted gene delivery. For this purpose, at first propargyl amine cored PAMAM dendrons with ester ends were synthesized. The chain terminal ester groups were then modified by oligoamines with different secondary amino densities. The oligoamine-modified PAMAM dendrons were well biocompatible, as demonstrated in cytotoxicity assays. Among the different oligoamine-modified dendrons, PAMAM-pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) dendron polyplexes displayed the best gene transfer ability. Conjugation of PAMAM-PEHA dendron with PEG spacer was conducted via click reaction, which was performed before amidation with PEHA. The resultant PEG-PAMAM-PEHA copolymer was then coupled with EGF ligand. pDNA transfections in HuH-7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells showed a 10-fold higher efficiency with the polyplexes containing conjugated EGF as compared to the ligand-free ones, demonstrating the concept of ligand targeting. Overall gene transfer efficiencies, however, were moderate, suggesting that additional measures for overcoming subsequent intracellular bottlenecks in delivery have to be taken