16 research outputs found
Social networking sites as virtual âshowcasesâ
A survey of Italian mothers who engage in âsharentingâ suggests they are motivated by both a desire for external validation, as well as more communitarian goals such as sharing moments with distant relatives and seeking support. But while many mothers see it as their right to engage in sharenting, what implications does this have for childrenâs rights and privacy? Davide Cino is a PhD student studying education in contemporary society at the University of Milano-Bicocca and a visiting pre-doctoral Fellow at Northwestern University. He researches childrenâs social media presence and online privacy. Silvia Demozzi, PhD, is a researcher in education at the University of Bologna. Her work focuses on child adultisation and sexualisation, sharenting and childrenâs rights
âThatâs the only place where you can get this information today!â An exploratory study on Parenting WhatsApp Groups with a sample of Italian parents
open3noThis paper studies Parenting WhatsApp Groups (PWGs) as interactional loci parents can join to be involved in their childrenâs academic life, building on the quantitative and qualitative results of an online survey administered to a sample of 302 Italian parents recruited through convenience sampling. First, PWGs are positioned within the broader literature on offline/online parent involvement, parentsâ peer interaction via social media, and technological peculiarities of WhatsApp. Second, quantitative results from a binary logistic regression are reported to explore possible predictors of PWGâs membership among our sample, as well as quantitative and qualitative findings investigating parentsâ perceptions/opinions of and experience with PWGs. Finally, limitations, future
directions, and implications of this study are discussed.openDavide Cino, Alessandra Gigli, Silvia DemozziDavide Cino, Alessandra Gigli, Silvia Demozz
Coupling Reactions Between Aromatic Carbon - and Nitrogen - Nucleophiles and Electrophiles: Reaction Intermediates, Products and their Properties
During my PhD I was involved in many studies concerning the nucleophilic (SNAr) and electrophilic (SEAr) aromatic substitution reactions.
My research activity was focused on the study of different electrophile/nucleophile combinations between strongly activated species, with the purpose to investigate on their reactivity, to detect new intermediates of the aromatic substitution reaction and to obtain new higly conjugated structures bearing contemporaneously electron donor and acceptor moieties on the same unit for application in different fields.
Different reactions between both neutral or charged electrophilic and nucleophilic species were performed and from their combinations new products for applications in different fields (e.g. medicine, biology and materials) were obtained and new intermediates of the aromatic substitution reactions [e.g. Wheland (W), Meisenheimer (M), and even Wheland-Meisenheimer (WM)], were detected and characterized, mainly using NMR spectroscopic techniques.
In particular the involved nucleophilic species were: tri- and diaminobenzene derivatives, trihydroxybenzene, trimethoxybenzene, anisole derivatives and aminothiazole derivatives; whereas the selected electrophilic species were: aryldiazonium ions, benzofuroxan and benzofurazan derivatives, thiophene derivatives and benzhydrylium ions.
Furthermore, the last year of my PhD course, I spent a period in the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, in collaboration with Prof. Herbert Mayrâs group, with the aim to investigate on the nucleophilic reactivities of di- and triaminobenzene derivatives performing their combination with different reference electrophiles, selected from the Mayrâs reactivity scales
Quantification of the Lewis Basicities and Nucleophilicities of 1,3,5-Tris(dialkylamino)benzenes
AbstractEquilibrium constants for the formation of Wheland complexes from 1,3,5âtris(dialkylamino)benzenes and benzhydrylium ions (Ar2CH+) have been determined photometrically in dichloromethane solution at 20â°C. The Lewis basicity of the ring carbons increases in the series trimorpholinobenzene<tripiperidinobenzene<tripyrrolidinobenzene. Wheland complexes, which are formed with equilibrium constants 102<K/Mâ1<106 in the reactions of triaminobenzenes with carbenium ions, show temperatureâdependent dynamic 1H NMR spectra, due to rapid reverse reactions and recombination at different positions of the triaminobenzenes. Since the rates of the formation of the Wheland complexes are too high to be measured directly, they were calculated as the product of photometrically determined equilibrium constants and the rate constants for the reverse reactions, which were derived from the dynamic 1H NMR spectra. The experimentally determined equilibrium and rate constants were in good agreement with the results of DFT calculations using the SMD solvent model. The calculations show that in all cases the Wheland complexes are thermodynamically more stable than the ammonium ions formed by attack of the benzhydrylium ions at the amino group of the title compounds, which explains the exclusive formation of Wheland complexes in thermodynamically controlled reactions. With nucleophilicity parameters in the range 10<N<15 the triaminobenzenes have comparable nucleophilic reactivities as enamines, silyl ketene acetals as well as stabilized phosphonium and sulfonium ylides
Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study
Summary
Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally.
Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies
have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of
the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income
countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality.
Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to
hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis,
exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprungâs disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a
minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical
status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary
intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause,
in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status.
We did a complete case analysis.
Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital
diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal
malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprungâs disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome
countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male.
Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36â39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3â3·3).
Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income
countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups).
Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome
countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries;
pâ€0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients
combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88â4·11],
p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59â2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20
[1·04â1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention
(ASA 4â5 vs ASA 1â2, 1·82 [1·40â2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1â2, 1·58, [1·30â1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety
checklist not used (1·39 [1·02â1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed
(ventilation 1·96, [1·41â2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05â1·74], p=0·018). Administration of
parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47â0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65
[0·50â0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48â1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality.
Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome,
middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will
be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger
than 5 years by 2030
One-step elettrosintesi: un metodo alternativo per sintetizzare nanoparticelle di Pt
La maggiore richiesta energetica di questi anni, associata alla diminuzione delle riserve di combustibile fossile e ai problemi di inquinamento ambientale hanno spinto il settore scientifico verso la ricerca di nuovi dispositivi che presentino elevata efficienza e quantitĂ di emissioni ridotta. Tra questi, le celle a combustibile (fuel cells) alimentate con idrogeno o molecole organiche come etanolo, acido formico e metanolo, hanno particolare rilevanza anche se attualmente risultano particolarmente costose. Una delle principali sfide di questi ultimi anni Ăš ridurne i costi e aumentarne l'efficienza di conversione in energia. Per questo scopo molti sforzi vengono condotti verso l'ottimizzazione dei catalizzatori a base di Pt spostando lâattenzione verso sistemi nanostrutturati ad elevata attivitĂ catalitica e buona stabilitĂ .
Durante questo lavoro di tesi si Ăš affrontato lo studio relativo alla preparazione di elettrodi modificati con PtNPs ottenute per elettrodeposizione, un metodo semplice ed efficace per poterne controllare i parametri di deposizione e crescita e per ottenere direttamente le nanoparticelle sulla superficie dellâelettrodo. Come materiale elettroattivo si Ăš utilizzato un foglio di grafite, denominato (Pure Graphite Sheet = PGS). Tale superficie elettrodica, meno costosa e piĂč conduttiva rispetto allâITO, si presenta sotto forma di fogli flessibili resistenti ad alte temperature e ad ambienti corrosivi e quindi risulta conveniente qualora si pensi ad un suo utilizzo su scala industriale.
In particolare Ăš stato studiato come la variazione di alcuni parametri sperimentali quali: i) il tempo di elettrodeposizione e ii) la presenza di stabilizzanti tipo: KI, acido dodecil benzene sulfonico (DBSA), poli vinil pirrolidone (PVP) o poliossietilene ottilfenil etere (Triton-X100) e iii) la concentrazione degli stessi stabilizzanti, potessero influire sulle dimensioni ed eventualmente sulla morfologia delle PtNPs. in fase di elettrodeposizione.
Lâelettrosintesi Ăš stata effettuata per via cronoamperometria. I film di PtNPs sono stati caratterizzati utilizzando tecniche di superficie quali microscopia a scansione elettronica (SEM) e Voltammetria Ciclica (CV).
Al fine di valutare le capacitĂ elettrocatalitiche delle diverse PtNPs ottenute si Ăš studiata la reazione di ossidazione del metanolo in ambiente acido
Highly conjugated architectures and labile reaction intermediates from coupling between 10Ï electron-deficient heteroaromatics and sym-trihydroxy- or triamino-benzene derivatives
Novel intermediates of the SEAr/SNAr reaction (WM or M complexes) have been detected and characterized by NMR at low temperature
I media digitali come strumenti per âesercitare e performareâ la genitorialitĂ (parte 2): analisi e discussione dei risultati
Il lavoro presenta in forma descrittiva i primi risultati del progetto âGenitori e TICâ5, a partire dalla cornice teoretica presentata precedentemente su questo stesso numero di «RIEF». Unâindagine online Ăš stata somministrata a un campione di 302 genitori, chiamati a esprimersi sulla presenza e lâutilizzo dei media digitali allâinterno del sistema familiare. Si presentano qui i risultati relativi a tre principali aree di indagine: a) uso e opinioni sui gruppi di genitori su Facebook; b) uso e opinioni sui gruppi di genitori su WhatsApp; c) la pratica di condividere immagini dei figli sui social network e opinioni in merito. I risultati sono ulteriormente discussi alla luce della cornice teorica della âge- nitorialitĂ intensivaâ. Si riportano, infine, conclusioni, limiti e future implicazioni dello studio.
.Abstract
The paper illustrates preliminary descriptive findings from the âParenting and ICTâ 6 project, building on the literature review, previously reported on this issue of «RIEF». An online survey was administered to a sample of 302 Italian parents, concerning the incorporation of digital media within the family system. Three areas of descriptive results of this study are presented concerning: a) the use of and opinions on Parenting Face- book Groups; b) the use of and opinions on Parenting WhatsApp groups; c) the act o
I media digitali come strumenti per âesercitare e performareâ la genitorialitĂ (parte 1): literature review e presentazione della ricerca
Il lavoro presenta la cornice teoretica su cui si basa il progetto di ricerca denominato âGenitori e TICâ5. Si offre una panoramica sulla letteratura in tema di uso dei media digitali da parte dei genitori, con particolare attenzione alle interazioni online tra pari nei gruppi Facebook e alla condivisione di immagini dei propri figli sui social media (sharenting). In questa ricognizione si considera il ruolo dei social media quali luoghi e strumenti per mettere in pratica e âperformareâ la propria genitorialitĂ nelle comunitĂ di pari online, anche con la condivisione di rappresentazioni dei figli. Tale ricognizione della letteratura colloca il presente lavoro nel panorama degli studi esistenti, e apre la strada allo sviluppo delle domande di ricerca alla base dellâindagine