Análise da variação do preço do milho no mercado brasileiro de 1995 a 2015

Corn is one of the most produced commodities in the world, and in Brazil the grain shows its relevance within the national agricultural scenario, being an essential grain in the production of various food items such as animal feed. The present work aims to analyze the variations in the monthly behavior of maize prices in the Brazilian market, based on an analysis of the monthly prices of sixty kilos of maize sack from 1995 to 2015 in the states of São Paulo and Paraná, provided on the IPEA DATA digital platform. From these data, we calculated the average return of the series for the analysis of the price variations. The results obtained showed that this commodity presents similar price behavior in the states analyzed, but this behavior is not constant throughout the months analyzed.Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)O milho é uma das commodities mais produzidas no mundo, e o no Brasil, o grão mostra sua relevância dentro do cenário agrícola nacional, sendo ele, um grão essencial na produção de vários itens da alimentação humana, como da alimentação animal. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento mensal dos preços do milho no mercado brasileiro, pautando-se de uma análise dos preços mensais da saca de milho de sessenta quilos, dos anos de 1995 a 2015, nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná, fornecidos na plataforma digital do IPEA DATA. A partir destes dados, foi calculado o retorno médio da série para análise das variações dos preços. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que esta commodity apresenta um comportamento de preços semelhante nos estados analisados, porém esse comportamento não é constante ao longo dos meses analisados

Complicaçoes Associadas a Cirurgias de Implante e Troca de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) em Chagásicos

Introduçao: O implante de DCEI endocárdicos é considerado atualmente um procedimento seguro e simples. Em centros de implantes que contam com especialistas experientes, o índice de complicaçoes é muito baixo. A etiologia chagásica ainda é responsável por um número significativo das indicaçoes de implante de DCEI na América Latina e está associada à maioria dos procedimentos realizados em nosso meio. Nao há dados específicos referentes às complicaçoes decorrentes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos relacionados aos DCEI em chagásicos. Objetivo: Avaliar os índices de complicaçoes associadas a cirurgias de DCEI em chagásicos. Casuística e método: Estudo retrospectivo que envolveu 1.242 pacientes, 407 (32,7%) mulheres e 835 (67,3%) homens, com sorologia positiva para a doença de Chagas e indicaçoes clássicas para implante e troca de DCEI. Resultados: Foram observadas 71 (5,71%) complicaçoes: 16 (1,28%) hematomas da loja do marcapasso, 13 (1,04%) casos de aumento do limiar de comando, 11 (0,88%) de infecçao, 11 (0,88%) casos de pneumotórax, 11 (0,88%) deslocamentos de eletrodo e 7 (0,56%) casos de erosao/extrusao Conclusao: Os procedimentos de implante e troca de DCEI endocárdicos em chagásicos estao associados a baixos índices de complicaçoes, nao apresentando diferenças significativas em relaçao aos valores descritos para as outras etiologias

Complicaçoes Associadas a Cirurgias de Implante e Troca de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) em Chagásicos

Introduçao: O implante de DCEI endocárdicos é considerado atualmente um procedimento seguro e simples. Em centros de implantes que contam com especialistas experientes, o índice de complicaçoes é muito baixo. A etiologia chagásica ainda é responsável por um número significativo das indicaçoes de implante de DCEI na América Latina e está associada à maioria dos procedimentos realizados em nosso meio. Nao há dados específicos referentes às complicaçoes decorrentes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos relacionados aos DCEI em chagásicos. Objetivo: Avaliar os índices de complicaçoes associadas a cirurgias de DCEI em chagásicos. Casuística e método: Estudo retrospectivo que envolveu 1.242 pacientes, 407 (32,7%) mulheres e 835 (67,3%) homens, com sorologia positiva para a doença de Chagas e indicaçoes clássicas para implante e troca de DCEI. Resultados: Foram observadas 71 (5,71%) complicaçoes: 16 (1,28%) hematomas da loja do marcapasso, 13 (1,04%) casos de aumento do limiar de comando, 11 (0,88%) de infecçao, 11 (0,88%) casos de pneumotórax, 11 (0,88%) deslocamentos de eletrodo e 7 (0,56%) casos de erosao/extrusao Conclusao: Os procedimentos de implante e troca de DCEI endocárdicos em chagásicos estao associados a baixos índices de complicaçoes, nao apresentando diferenças significativas em relaçao aos valores descritos para as outras etiologias

Side Effects of Chloroquine and Primaquine and Symptom Reduction in Malaria Endemic Area (Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brazil)

Side effects of antimalarial drug can overlap with malaria symptoms. We evaluated 50 patients with vivax malaria in Mâncio Lima, Acre, treated with chloroquine and primaquine. Patients were evaluated for the presence of 21 symptoms before and after treatment and for reported side effects of these drugs after treatment was started. The most frequent symptoms before medication were headache, fever, chills, sweating, arthralgia, back pain, and weakness, which were present in between 40% and 76% of respondents. The treatment reduced the occurrence of these symptoms and reduced the lack of appetite, but gastrointestinal symptoms and choluria increased in frequency. There were no reports of pale stools before medication, but 12% reported the occurrence of this symptom after treatment started. Other symptoms such as blurred vision (54%), pruritus (22%), paresthesia (6%), insomnia (46%), and “stings” into the skin (22%) were reported after chloroquine was taken. The antimalarial drugs used to treat P. vivax malaria reduce much of the systemic and algic symptoms but cause mainly gastrointestinal side effects that may lead to lack of adherence to drug treatment. It is important to guide the patient for the appearance and the transience of such side effects in order to avoid abandoning treatment

Definições para a padronização da pesquisa de auto-anticorpos contra constituintes do núcleo (FAN HEp-2), nucléolo, citoplasma e aparelho mitótico e suas associações clínicas

OBJECTIVE: The Second Brazilian Consensus on Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) in HEp-2 Cells approved and extended the decision trees developed during the First Brazilian Consensus in order to also offer information about mixed patterns of fluorescence. METHODS: Since this test elicits reactions not only to nuclear autoimmune antigens but also to different cell compartments, new denominations for the test were approved. Results and CONCLUSIONS: These new denominations encompass variations on the autoantibody testing against the nucleus (ANA HEp-2), nucleolus, cytoplasm, and mitotic apparatus issue. Furthermore, major clinical associations were described for each immunofluorescent pattern, facilitating the interpretation of laboratory results in the clinical practice.OBJETIVO: O Segundo Consenso Brasileiro de Fator Antinuclear (FAN) em Células HEp-2 ratificou os algoritmos de decisão para leitura dos padrões do FAN na imunofluorescência indireta vistos na primeira edição do Consenso Brasileiro, adicionando ainda um novo algoritmo relacionado com os padrões mistos. MÉTODOS: Tendo em vista a habilidade do teste em detectar autoantígenos nos distintos compartimentos celulares, e não apenas no núcleo, propõe-se novas denominações para este exame laboratorial. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Como novas denominações algumas sugestões foram igualmente aceitas, dentro do tema pesquisa de auto-anticorpos contra constituintes do núcleo (FAN HEp-2), nucléolo, citoplasma e aparelho mitótico. Foram abordadas as principais relevâncias clínicas com os padrões de FAN descritos, facilitando o melhor uso do ensaio pelo médico.FMUSPUNIFESPBio-Rad Laboratório BrasilHospital Geral de GoiâniaBiomédicaUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaUFMG HCPUCRS HCNew Life Produtos HospitalaresUniversidade Católica de GoiásFMUSP HC Laboratório CentralPatologista ClínicaFMUSP HCFrischmann Aisengart Unidad InmunologíaUniversidade Católica de Goiás Laboratório de Auto-ImunidadeExame Medicina LaboratorialFMUFG HC Laboratório de Imuno-Reumatologia e HLALab. Santa LuziaMedivax/BionHSPE/SPUniversidade Católica de Goiás Laboratório da Área de SaúdeFarmacêutica-BioquímicaUniv. Fed. Mato GrossoFMUFG Serviço de ReumatologiaHospital Durand Unidad InmunologíaLaboratório ClínicoUFRGS HCPA Serviço de ReumatologiaUERJ FCMUFMG FMHospital Universitário de Brasília Laboratório de ReumatologiaUNIFESPSciEL

Prevalência das principais complicações pós-operatórias em cirurgias cardíacas: uma revisão sistemática: Prevalence of major postoperative complications in cardiac surgeries: a systematic review

As complicações pós-operatórias em cirurgias cardíacas são comuns e contribuem para o aumento dos índices de morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: identificar em trabalhos da literatura as principais complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas. Material e Método: Revisão de literatura sobre as principais complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. A busca foi realizada em outubro de 2022 nas fontes de dados: PubMed e Web of Science. Resultados: O processo de busca resultou em 2.744 documentos. Após primeira seleção 215 trabalhos tiveram os seus títulos e resumos analisados para uma triagem inicial. A amostra final foi de 04 estudos. As complicações da cirurgia cardíaca podem estar relacionadas a doenças pré-existentes. Forma identificadas como complicações distúrbios de sono, hepatopatia cardíaca pós-operatória, síndrome da apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) e arritmias. Conclusões: As complicações apresentaram prevalências diferentes nos estudos analisados e devem ser consideradas em mais estudos para melhor compreensão de fatores correlacionados auxiliando na sua prevenção e controle

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings