Compensatory response of cotton plants to simulated carpophagic pest injury / Resposta compensatória de plantas de algodoeiro a injúria simulada de pragas carpofágicas

Due upland cotton crop has a relatively long cycle on Brazilian Savannah areas, varying from 180 to 220 days, abscission and replacement of floral structures is frequent although variable along the phenological phases. The reproductive phase occurs from 45 days after plant emergence until close to the harvest. The objective of this study was to measure the ability of cotton plants to compensate losses caused by carpophagic insects by producing new floral structures. Four cotton cultivars (FM913GLT, FM980GLT, FM966LL and FM975WS) were sowed in an irrigated area, whose soil is characterized as dystrophic latosol. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, with the cultivar being the main factor and the intensity of the injury caused manually by the removal of floral structures as the secondary factor. Simulated damages consisted of five levels of removal of floral buds, flowers and bolls at 75 days after emergence (DAE). We recorded the number of floral structures present in the plants at 140 DAE and at the harvest. The damage boundary (Db) varied among the cultivars, demonstrating a differentiated response of tolerance to injury. FM980GLT and FM975WS were able to compensate and overcompensate the losses; the same does not happen to FM913GLT and FM966LL. We observed tolerance and linearity phases in all the cultivars but FM966LL. FM980GLT showed highest response capability after be injured. The cotton plants compensated for the loss of structures up to a certain limit of injury, which varies with the cultivar. Overcompensation and compensation occurred through the replacement of new structures while the compensatory response into increase in the weight of bolls did not happen

A educação física e os temas transversais: contribuindo para a formação crítica e social dos alunos: Physical education and cross-cutting themes: contributing to the critical and social training of students

A origem sociocultural, o tipo de formação e o efeito geracional dos professores de educação física em um ambiente de ensino nas escolas por meio da educação física e temas transversais influenciam o comportamento pedagógico, nas relações entre socialização e professores, sua capacidade de transmitir conhecimentos pedagógicos e seus modos de interação com os alunos no âmbito do ensino. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a contribuição para a formação crítica e social dos alunos por meio de temas transversais na disciplina de educação física. A educação física é um autocontrole associado ao avanço físico, motor, afetivo, sociocultural e na saúde e bem estar. Portanto, independentemente do seu valor para as crianças e jovens, a EF escolar não tem cumprido com os seus propósitos reais, exigindo uma prática motivadora e significativa para os formandos. A competência específica é o conjunto de características individuais que permitem a um indivíduo dominar determinada situação por meio de uma atividade efetiva. Essas características formam um sistema dinâmico, cujo resultado é justamente a competência

INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE AS RELAÇÕES FAMILIARES DE IDOSOS COM IDEAÇÃO SUICIDA E TENTATIVA DE SUICÍDIO

Risk factors for suicide in the elderly are mainly related to death of loved ones, illness and family relationships. Thus, this article analyzes the family relationships of the elderly with ideation and suicidal attempts. Made in the city of Teresina-PI, since it is among the ten municipalities with the highest rate of suicide among the elderly. It was verified that the surveyed elderly experience conflicts in family relationships, feel scorned, abandoned and rejected by relatives, reasons for which they blame themselves; they live together in a family environment, but in an isolated way, they live socially isolated and in psychic suffering, with mental disorders, which favor suicidal ideation. Thus, the researched elderly seek religiosity as ways of coping and giving meaning to life.Os fatores de risco para o suicídio em pessoas idosas são, principalmente, relacionados a morte de entes queridos, doenças e relações familiares. Assim, este artigo analisa as relações familiares de idosos com ideação e tentativas suicidas. Realizado na cidade de Teresina-PI, visto que se encontra entre os dez municípios nacionais com maior índice de ocorrência de suicídio entre idosos. Verificou-se que os idosos pesquisados vivenciam conflitos nas relações familiares, sentem-se desprezados, abandonados e rejeitados pelos familiares, motivos pelos quais se culpam; convivem em meio familiar, mas de modo isolado, vivem isolados socialmente e em sofrimento psíquico, com transtornos mentais, que favorecem a ideação suicida. Assim, os idosos pesquisados buscam a religiosidade como formas de enfrentamento e de dar sentido à vida

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The construction of psychosocial practices in the daily life of a Psychosocial Care Center

O movimento da Reforma Psiquiátrica promoveu mudanças no modo de atenção e gestão nas práticas de saúde. Dessa forma, foi necessário repensar locais e profissionais que pudessem promover práticas e cuidados mais próximos ao novo modo assistencial: o modo psicossocial de atenção. Essa mudança de paradigma ainda vem ocorrendo e trouxe complexidades para a atuação dos profissionais inseridos nos contextos de saúde mental. Este trabalho tem por objetivo geral compreender como se dá, no cotidiano de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), a construção de práticas psicossociais de cuidado aos usuários do serviço. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, que tem como base os pressupostos do movimento construcionista social em ciência. Este trabalho foi realizado em um CAPS III de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. O processo de produção de dados foi por meio de dois momentos principais: o primeiro consistiu em imersão no campo, momento em que os pesquisadores realizaram observação participante por um período de dois meses com carga-horária de 8 horas semanais para conhecer a organização do serviço, no qual fizeram registros em notas de campo; o segundo consistiu na realização de três grupos focais com os profissionais do CAPS III, guiados por um roteiro semiestruturado. Estes grupos foram gravados e transcritos na íntegra. A análise das informações foi realizada por procedimentos qualitativos de análise temática, de forma a dar visibilidade para os principais sentidos negociados pelos profissionais em seus diálogos nos grupos focais. Resultou de nossa análise a construção de três temas que, em conjunto, permitem compreender desafios e potencialidades envolvidos na construção e desenvolvimento de ações psicossociais: 1) trabalho em equipe e interdisciplinaridade - que apresenta sentidos sobre as relações, organizações, planejamentos e comunicações no cotidiano dos profissionais do CAPS III; 2) atuação profissional - que apresenta fatores que ora possibilitam ora dificultam a atuação do profissional inserido no CAPS III; e 3) ações de cuidado no cotidiano, apresentando sentidos sobre as práticas realizadas no CAPS III. Com base em nossa análise, concluímos que a construção de práticas psicossociais oferecidas para o cuidado à saúde mental dos usuários do serviço tem relação com a forma de atuação profissional. As ações realizadas no cotidiano dependem do quanto cada profissional conhece o papel político-social que o CAPS desempenha, além de como consegue estruturar suas atividades considerando os recursos do território, para além do próprio local de estudo, utilizando sua autonomia e interesse para propor aos usuários práticas em saúde mental compatíveis com o modo de atenção psicossocial. Discutimos, no entanto, que é por meio da coordenação de ações no cotidiano que a construção de práticas psicossociais se faz mais ou menos possível no serviço. As práticas discursivas desenvolvidas pelos profissionais nos grupos focais trazem a marca de diferentes discursos sociais, iluminando como a disputa entre paradigmas ainda se apresenta no cotidiano.The Psychiatric Reform movement promoted changes in the models of care and management in health practices. Thus, it was necessary to rethink places and professionals that could promote practices and actions of care more related to the new care strategy: the psychosocial model of care. This paradigm shift is still occurring, and has brought complexities to the work of professionals working in mental health contexts. The objective of this study is to understand how occurs in the daily life of a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS), the construction of psychosocial care practices for service users. It is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, which is based on the assumptions of the social constructionist movement in science. This work was carried out in a CAPS III in a city in the interior of São Paulo. The production of data evolves two moments: the first consisted of an immersion in the field, when the researchers performed participant observation for a period of two months, with a workload of 8 hours per week, to get to know the organization of the service; during this period, field notes were made; the second moment consisted of the development of three focus groups with CAPS III professionals, which were guided by a semi-structured script. These groups were audio recorded and fully transcribed. The analysis of the information produced was carried out through qualitative procedures of thematic analysis, in order to give visibility to the main meanings negotiated by the professionals in their dialogues in the focus groups. The result of our analysis was the construction of three themes that, together, allow us to understand challenges and potentialities involved in the construction and development of psychosocial actions: 1) teamwork and interdisciplinarity - which presents meanings about relationships, organizations, planning and daily communications of the CAPS III´ professionals; 2) professional work - which presents factors that contribute or that make it difficult for the professionals of CAPS III to develop their daily work; and 3) daily care actions, presenting meanings about the practices performed in CAPS III. Based on our analysis, we discuss that the construction of psychosocial practices of mental health care offered to the users of the service is related to the forms of professional action. The daily actions carried out in the service depend on how much each professional knows the political and social role that the CAPS plays, in addition to how they manage to structure their activities considering resources of the territory, in addition to the study\'s local itself, using their personal autonomy and interest to propose mental health practices which are compatible with the psychosocial care model. We argue, however, that it is through the coordination of actions in daily life that the construction of psychosocial practices becomes more or less possible in the service. The discursive practices developed by the professionals in the focus groups shows the presence of different social discourses, thus illuminating how the dispute between paradigms are still alive in the daily life of the mental health service

Kinetin and 6-benzyladenine induce different morphogenetic responses in cotyledonary segments of royal poinciana

Understanding the in vitro performance of royal poinciana explants cultured in media supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins may aid in the optimization of regeneration systems established for this woody species. In the present study we evaluate the in vitro performance of royal poinciana cotyledonary explants cultured in the presence of high concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN). Cotyledonary segments obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8 mg L-1) of BA or KIN. In the control treatment, no plant growth regulators (PGRs) were added. After 40 days of culture, regardless of the concentration used, the treatments supplemented with BA presented higher calli percentage and fresh mass compared to treatments supplemented with KIN. Adventitious shoots were mainly observed in BA-treatments. Histological analysis showed that adventitious shoots formed at the periphery of callus formed from mesophyll cells in the regions of the explant sectioning. The results obtained provide new information for the establishment of a micropropagation system for royal poinciana, an important ornamental tree species