Perfil lipídico, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en un grupo de pacientes con SID

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of AIDS, the anti-HIV therapy has developed significantly, including the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the disease acquired a chronic characteristic. However, after the introduction of HAART, several metabolic alterations were observed, mainly related to the lipid profile. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate and compare lipid profiles, analyze cardiovascular risk, describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in AIDS patients with or without HAART. METHODS: Over an 18-month period, 319 patients treated at outpatient clinics in the city of São Paulo, Brazil were selected. RESULTS: The final sample included 215 patients receiving HAART and 69 HAART-naive patients. The mean age was 39.5 years, and 60.9% were males. The main cardiovascular risk factors were smoking (27%), hypertension (18%) and family history of atherosclerosis (40%). Mean total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were higher in the HAART group than in the non-HAART group (205 vs 180 mg/dl, 51 vs 43 mg/dl, 219 vs 164 mg/dl and 101 vs 93 mg/dl respectively; p < 0.001 for all). According to the Framingham risk score, the cardiovascular risk was moderate to high in 11% of the patients receiving HAART and 4% of the HAART-naïve patients. According to the Adult Treatment Panel III definition, the metabolic syndrome was observed in 13% and 12% of the patients with or without HAART, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the mean values for total cholesterol, HDL-c and triglycerides were higher in the HAART group, a higher cardiovascular risk was not identified in the former. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was comparable in both groups.FUNDAMENTO: Desde el surgimiento del SIDA, la terapia antiretroviral se desarrolló significantemente. Al incluir la terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (HAART), la enfermedad adquirió una característica crónica. Sin embargo, tras la introducción de HAART, diversas alteraciones metabólicas se observaron, principalmente relacionadas al perfil lipídico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar los perfiles lipídicos, analizar el riesgo cardiovascular, y describir la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes con SIDA tratados o no con HAART. MÉTODOS: Durante un período de 18 meses, se seleccionaron a 319 pacientes tratados en ambulatorios en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. RESULTADOS: La muestra final incluyó a 215 pacientes tratados con HAART y a 69 pacientes vírgenes de tratamiento con HAART. La edad promedio era de 39,5 años, y el 60,9% eran del sexo masculino. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular eran el fumo (27%), hipertensión (18%) e histórico familiar de aterosclerosis (40%). Los valores promedios de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa fueron más altos en el Grupo HAART que en el Grupo no-HAART (205 vs. 180 mg/dL, 51 vs. 43 mg/dL, 219 vs. 164 mg/dL, 101 vs. 93 mg/dL respectivamente; p < 0,001 para todos). De conformidad con el score de riesgo de Framingham, el riesgo cardiovascular era moderado y alto en el 11% de los pacientes tratados con HAART y el 4% de los pacientes no-HAART. Según la definición del Adult Treatment Panel III, el síndrome metabólico se observó en el 13% y el 12% de los pacientes, respectivamente, con y sin HAART. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque los valores promedios del colesterol total, HDL-c y triglicéridos fueron más altos en el Grupo HAART, un mayor riesgo cardiovascular no se identificó en el primer grupo. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue comparable en ambos grupos.FUNDAMENTO: Desde o advento da AIDS, a terapia antiretroviral desenvolveu-se significantemente, incluindo a terapia antiretroviral altamente ativa (HAART) e a doença adquiriu uma característica crônica. Entretanto, após a introdução da HAART, várias alterações metabólicas foram observadas, principalmente relacionadas ao perfil lipídico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os perfis lipídicos, analisar o risco cardiovascular, e descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica em pacientes com AIDS tratados ou não com HAART. MÉTODOS: Durante um período de 18 meses, 319 pacientes tratados em ambulatórios na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: A amostra final incluiu 215 pacientes tratados com HAART e 69 pacientes virgens de tratamento com HAART. A idade média era 39,5 anos, e 60,9% eram do sexo masculino. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular eram o fumo (27%), hipertensão (18%) e histórico familiar de aterosclerose (40%). Os valores médios de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides e glicose foram mais altos no grupo HAART do que no grupo não-HAART (205 vs 180 mg/dl, 51 vs 43 mg/dl, 219 vs 164 mg/dl e 101 vs 93 mg/dl respectivamente; p < 0,001 para todos). De acordo com o escore de risco de Framingham, o risco cardiovascular era moderado a alto em 11% dos pacientes tratados com HAART e 4% dos pacientes não-HAART. De acordo com a definição do Adult Treatment Panel III, a síndrome metabólica foi observada em 13% e 12% dos pacientes, respectivamente, com e sem HAART. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os valores médios do colesterol total, HDL-c e triglicérides tenham sido mais altos no grupo HAART, um maior risco cardiovascular não foi identificado no primeiro grupo. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi comparável em ambos os grupos.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São PauloUNIFESPSciEL

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Avaliação do perfil lipídico, fatores de risco cardíaco e síndrome metabólica de pessoas vivendo com hiv/aids

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil lipídico, fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular através da Escala de risco de Framingham, medidas antropométricas e síndrome metabólica de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids em uso ou não de anti-retrovirais em acompanhamento nas unidades ambulatoriais da Universidade Federal da São Paulo e da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde São Paulo. Métodos: Durante 18 meses foram selecionados 319 pacientes em acompanhamento ambulatorial em uso ou não de terapia anti-retroviral. Resultados: No grupo que utiliza anti-retrovirais foram incluídos 243 pacientes e 76 no grupo virgem de tratamento. A média de idade é de 39,7 anos e 60,9% dos pacientes são do sexo masculino. Os principais fatores de risco encontrados nesta população são: 26,8% de tabagismo, 19,2% de hipertensão arterial, 4,0% de diabetes mellitus, 40,2% de história familiar de aterosclerose e 17,7% de sedentarismo. Em relação ao perfil lipídico, as médias de colesterol total (205 x 108 mg/dL), HDL-c (51 x 43 mg/dL) e triglicérides (219 x 164 mg/dL) foram maiores no grupo que utiliza anti-retrovirais. A síndrome metabólica esteve presente em 14,4% dos pacientes que utilizam antiretrovirais. A maior parte dos pacientes apresentava-se eutrófico de acordo com o índice de massa corpórea. Conclusões: Observamos que a média dos níveis de colesterol total, HDL-c, VLDL e triglicérides foi significativamente maior no grupo que faz uso de anti-retrovirais. Não foi encontrada diferença significante entre grupos mesmo com as alterações metabólicas proporcionadas pelo uso de anti-retrovirais quanto ao aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de DCV. A análise das medidas antropométricas evidenciou uma população eutrófica, com uma baixa freqüência de desnutridos e tendo a obesidade o principal distúrbio observado. A análise do consumo alimentar não mostrou diferenças significantes entre os grupos. O uso de anti-retrovirais não aumentou a presença da síndrome metabólica, pois a presença desta foi semelhante entre os grupos. Todos os esquemas ARV proporcionaram alterações nos níveis de lípides quando comparados aos pacientes sem uso de TARV, porém as alterações nos níveis de lípides não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os diversos grupos de TARV avaliados, não sendo possível descrever qual o pior ou melhor esquema em relação ao perfil lipídico.Objectives: Evaluation of the lipid profile, cardiovascular risk factors using the Framingham score, antropometric measures and the metabolic syndrome of the people living with HIV/aids that receive or not antiretroviral therapy attended at the clinics of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo and the Secretaria Municipal de Saúde of São Paulo. Methods: During 18 months 319 patients were selected Results: We included 243 patients with antiretroviral therapy and 76 naive patients. The median age was 39,7 years and 60,9% of the patients were male. The major cardiovascular risk factors in this population were: 26,8% smoking, 19,2% hypertension, 4,0% diabetes, 40,2% of familiar history of aterosclerosis and 17,7% of them were sedentary. In the lipid profile the median of the total cholesterol ((205 x 108 mg/dL), HDL-c (51 x 43 mg/dL) and triglycerides (219 x 164 mg/dL) were higher in the group that receive antiretroviral therapy. The metabolic syndrome was present in 12,6% of the patients with antiretroviral therapy. More than 50% of the patients of the tow groups were eutrofic. Conclusion: The median of total cholesterol, HDL-c, triglycerides and VLDL were higher in the group with antiretroviral therapy. We didn´t see a higher cardiovascular risk in the group with antiretroviral therapy. The presence of metabolic syndrome was analogous in both groups. The most of the patients had a normal body mass index

Complicações cardiovasculares na síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the clinical outcome of HIV disease, with increased survival rates. However, the introduction of HAART has generated a contrast in the cardiac manifestations of AIDS. In developed countries, we observed an approximate 30% reduction in the prevalence of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy, possibly related to a reduction of opportunistic infections and myocarditis. In developing countries, however, where the availability of HAART is limited and the pathogenic impact of nutritional factors is significant, we observed an increase of approximately 32% in the prevalence of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and a related high mortality rate from congestive heart failure. Also, some HAART regimens in developed countries, especially those including protease inhibitors, have been shown to cause, in a high proportion of HIV-infected patients, a iatrogenic metabolic syndrome (HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome).This is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events even in young HIV-infected people. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this syndrome will lead to the discovery of new drugs that will reduce cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART.A introdução da terapia antitroviral altamente potente (HAART) melhorou significativamente a evolução clínica da infecção pelo HIV com um aumento nas taxas de sobrevida. Apesar deste benefício, o uso da HAART gerou contrastes nas manifestações cardíacas da Aids. Nos países desenvolvidos, observou-se uma redução de aproximadamente 30% na prevalência de cardiomiopatia associada ao HIV, possivelmente relacionada à redução das infecções oportunistas e da miocardite. Nos países em desenvolvimento, entretanto, aonde a disponibilidade da HAART é limitada e o impacto patogênico dos fatores nutricionais é significante, observou-se um aumento de 32% na prevalência de cardiomiopatia e uma alta taxa de mortalidade relacionada com a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Além disso, alguns tipos de HAART nos países desenvolvidos, especialmente aqueles que incluem inibidores da protease, têm causado em uma alta proporção de pacientes, uma síndrome metabólica iatrogênica (síndrome da lipodistrofia relacionada ao HIV) que está associada ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares relacionados à aterosclerose mesmo em indivíduos jovens infectados pelo HIV. Uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares responsáveis por esta síndrome levará ao descobrimento de novas drogas que irão reduzir o risco cardiovascular em pacientes infectados pelo HIV que recebem HAART

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data