War Finance (Portugal)

Portugal financed the extraordinary expenditures of the First World War in the same way as many other countries, i.e. running budgetary deficits, issuing debt, and printing money. By the end of the war, all nations were facing the same dilemma - they could either adopt a deflationary monetary policy or embark on a fairly aggressive policy of currency devaluation. Due to political weakness, successive Portuguese governments accepted the latter. This inflationary policy penalized mostly private savings and the share of the population relying on fixed incomes, but it also slowed down the contraction of the economy.publishersversionpublishe

In search of the urban variable : Understanding the roots of urban planning in Portugal

This article demonstrates how public control over the street was at the origin of modern urban planning in Lisbon. The increased pressure over the street in the nineteenth-century city demanded increased public intervention, which was at the roots of urban planning as practice and as a body of theory. The strategic character assumed by urban planning derived from the fact that it was at the crossroads of the most important problems that nineteenth-century cities experienced: sanitation, circulation, and beautification. The preparation of the first Portuguese law on urban planning (1864) and the first improvement plan (1881) resulted from this need to exercise public monopoly over the use of the city streets. However, the financial, political, and technical conditions defined the scope of possibilities for the programme of improvement and beautification of the Portuguese capital. This article analyses the compromises between the forces driving modernisation and the limits of the possibilities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Infecções em cuidados continuados: saúde mental

Integrated in the NNICC, the ICCUs constitute a new organisational model between the public and private institutions. Providing continuum of care and social support and represent a humanist conception of health care to be located between the hospital and the family. The SCMP, in a protocol signed with the ARS North, created in December 2008, in Hospital Conde de Ferreira, in Oporto, an ICCU in the pilot project for patients with chronic mental condition, called John Paul II. According NPPIC data, associated health care infections caused by resistant agents show that: 30-40% are the result of colonization and cross infection, being hands of health professionals the main vehicle, 20-25% result of successive and prolonged antibiotic therapies, 20-25% result from contact with community-acquired pathogens, and 20% are of unknown origin. The prevention of HCAI was considered a priority in the UCC John Paul II, so it was established a program for the professional training. In the ICCU John Paul II, among the infections that occurred within 5 months of operation, 37% of infections were urinary tract infections, 30% respiratory infections, 11% were conjunctivitis, 7% mouth and teeth infections, 7% were otitis, and 4 % were vaginal and skin infections. For the treatment of these infections treated at ICCU the guidelines of RNCC were followed, in order to rationalize the use of antibiotics in various types of NHS establishments: Health Centers, Hospitals, Continuing Care Unit and Residential Homes.  Inseridas na RNCCI, as UCCs constituem-se como um novo modelo organizacional entre as instituições públicas e privadas. Prestam cuidados continuados de saúde e de apoio social, e representam uma concepção humanista dos cuidados de saúde ao se situarem entre o hospital e a família. A SCMP em protocolo firmado com a ARS Norte abriu em Dezembro 2008 no Centro Hospitalar Conde de Ferreira uma UCC, em projecto piloto para utentes com patologia mental crónica, denominada João Paulo II, e com a tipologia de unidade de longa duração e  manutenção. Segundo o PNPCI associado aos cuidados de saúde, os dados disponíveis sobre as infecções provocadas por agentes resistentes demonstram que: 30-40% são resultado da colonização e infecção cruzada, tendo como veículo principal as mãos dos profissionais de saúde; 20-25% resultam da terapêutica antibiótica sucessiva e prolongada; 20-25% são consequência do contacto com microrganismos adquiridos na comunidade e 20% têm origem desconhecida. Nesse sentido considerou-se como prioritário na UCC João Paulo II a prevenção das IACS, pelo que se estabeleceu um programa de Acção de Formação aos seus profissionais. Na UCC João Paulo II, de entre as infecções ocorridas nos 5 meses de actividade, 37% foram infecções de tracto urinário, 30 % respiratórias, 11% conjuntivites, 7% infecções de boca e dentes, 7% otites e 4 % Infecções vaginais e cutâneas. Para o tratamento das infecções diagnosticadas e passíveis de serem tratadas na UCC, recorremos ao Prontuário Terapêutico recomendado pela RNCCI, de forma a racionalizar o uso de antibioterapia nos vários tipos de estabelecimentos do SNS (Centros de Saúde, Hospitais, Unidades de Cuidados Continuados, Domicílios e Lares)

Oeiras, 1763-1810

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Urbanismo e modernização das cidades: O "embellezamento" como ideal, Lisboa, 1858-1891

Este artigo procura abordar os desafios de requalificação urbana colocados pela primeira experiência de globalização na segunda metade do século XIX. Só desta forma as cidades poderiam aproveitar os benefícios provocados pela maior internacionalização das economias nacionais. A cidade de Lisboa viveu também este processo de emulação de experiências no domínio urbanístico ou de transformação das infra-estruturas. Neste texto destaca-se os diferentes momentos por que passou este projecto de modernização da cidade de Lisboa, as razões para o seu sucesso no final da década de 70 do século passado, bem como a sua justificação ideológica, assente num ideal de «embelezamento» da cidade. ----------------------------------------------------------- This article analyses the urban development and requalification challenges posed to the city by the first globalization experience throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. Only in this way the benefits coming from the greater internationalization of the national economies could be transmitted to the cities. Lisbon also experienced this process of emulation in the urban layout and the transformation of urban infrastructures. In this article is stressed the timing of this modernization project in the city of Lisbon, the reasons for its success at the end of the 1870s, as well as its ideological justification

The Networked City: Managing Power and Water Utilities in Portugal, 1850s-1920s

This paper explores the evolution of power and water systems in Portugal throughout the period of urban infrastructure modernization. The network characteristics of electricity, gas, and sanitary equipment are emphasized, not only in its economic and technical characteristics, but also in its impact on management, regulation, and initial installation. Regulatory issues and conflicts between private entrepreneurs and public authorities are particularly emphasized. Sometimes they provided the path to municipalization. Otherwise, the outcome of these conflicts enhanced regulatory mechanisms and long-term relationships between public and private institutions. The analysis of agency problems and the theory of contracts are used as the main theoretical devices to explain the outcome of these relationships

A Long International Monetary Fund Intervention: Portugal 1975-1979

Most of the literature on the interventions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in Portugal points to the June 1978 Stand-by arrangement (SBA) between the Portuguese authorities and the IMF as being the first such intervention (Nunes, 2010, Lopes, 1982 and 1996, Pinto, 1983, Schmitt, 1981, or Mateus, 2013). However, our research has unearthed facts that challenge such interpretation. The reasons are many. First, Portugal started using IMF resources since July 1975 and following policies to control the external deficit that were concordant with IMF principles and techniques since December of the same year. Second, Portugal signed an SBA in April 1977, one year before the 1978 one. And third, Portugal did not comply with the performance criteria of the 1978 SBA, which supposedly defined the first “intervention” and, consequently, did not receive any financial assistance from the IMF for its duration: June 1978 to May 1979. Zorrinho (2018) is a recent exception to the common interpretation, suggesting that, rather than a one-year intervention in 1978-1979 and a three-year one in 1983-1985, relations between Portugal and the IMF in order to restore external balance during the period 1975-1985 corresponded to a sort of decade-long IMF intervention, involving three SBAs and various other utilisations of IMF resources on the part of Portugal. We do agree with Zorrinho (2018) that the chronology of the first intervention should be enlarged but not with his proposed chronology, as we believe that the use of IMF resources was interrupted between 1978 and 1983 and that the third SBA signed with the IMF in October 1983 should be viewed in a different framework.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

managing power and water utilities in Portugal (1850s-1920s)

This paper explores the evolution of power and water systems in Portugal throughout the period of urban infrastructure modernization. The network characteristics of electricity, gas, and sanitary equipment are emphasized, not only in its economic and technical characteristics, but also in its impact on management, regulation, and initial installation. Regulatory issues and conflicts between private entrepreneurs and public authorities are particularly emphasized. Sometimes they provided the path to municipalization. Otherwise, the outcome of these conflicts enhanced regulatory mechanisms and long-term relationships between public and private institutions. The analysis of agency problems and the theory of contracts are used as the main theoretical devices to explain the outcome of these relationships.publishersversionpublishe

the Companhias Reunidas de Gás e Electricidade in Lisbon (1890-1920)

The importance of foreign capital in firms operating in infrastructure sectors (railways or energy, for instance), the geographic distance between the sources of this capital and the location of operations introduce problems of agency as a critical factor in the governance in these firms. Free-standing companies had been a usual response to these agency costs. In this paper, one tries to evaluate how other type of companies deal with this issue and how it affects not only formal governance structure and rules, but mostly informal governance practices.publishersversionpublishe

Foreign capital and problems of agency: the Companhias reunidas de Gás e Electricidade in Lisbon, 1890-1920

La importancia del capital extranjero en empresas que operan en sectores con infraestructura (ferrocarriles o energía, por ejemplo) y la distancia geográfica entre el origen de ese capital y el lugar de operación introducen problemas de agencia, que son un factor crítico en el gobierno de estas empresas. Las free-standing companies o compañías autónomas constituyeron una respuesta bastante frecuente a estos costes de agencia. En el presente artículo se intenta evaluar el modo en que otro tipo de compañías aborda esta cuestión y cómo esto afecta no sólo a las reglas y la estructura formal de organización, sino también y especialmente a prácticas de gobierno corporativo informales.--------------------------------------------------------------------The importance of foreign capital in firms operating in infrastructure sectors (railways or energy, for instance), the geographic distance between the sources of this capital and the location of operations introduce problems of agency as a critical factor in the governance in these firms. Free-standing companies had been a usual response to these agency costs. In this paper, one tries to evaluate how other type of companies deal with this issue and how it affects not only formal governance structure and rules, but mostly informal governance practices