192 research outputs found
Certifications Offered by Cost Estimating Organizations
There has been an increasing trend in professional and engineering circles to place greater emphasis on official credentials. These credentials commonly come in the form of certificates β documented recognition by a professional body that an engineer or other professional has the qualifications and technical knowledge to be a practitioner in that field. These certificates are somewhat analogous to merit badges in scouting β the certification is evidence that the holder has a certain minimum level of competence in the subject area. This review will help you decide what certifications are applicable to you and the requirements to obtain a certification
Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅.The work is dedicated to the management of card transactions in the commercial bank. Consider the types of bank cards , the classification of transactions with them and study modern trends in the development of plastic cards in the Russian Federation . At the end of the paper provides recommendations on the development of operations with plastic cards in a commercial bank
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ-25-Π Π-Π002 Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ "ΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ"
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π‘ΠΠΠ-25-Π Π-Π002 Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ "ΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ". Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ βΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ‘ βΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ; ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π‘ΠΠΠ β 59462 ΠΠΠ‘ βΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅; ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘ βΠΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρβ.Object of research is metrological providing an oil quantity and quality measuring system of SIKN-25-RK-A002 at oil pumping station "Kropotkinskaya". The work purpose β carrying out the analysis of ensuring unity of measurements at oil pumping station "Kropotkinskaya".
For goal achievement of work the following tasks have been set: to consider ensuring unity of measurements of measuring system on NPS "Kropotkinskaya" and to determine its error depending on service conditions and the transported environment; to calculate an error of measurements of net weight of commodity oil by means of SIKN No. 59462 NPS "Kropotkinskaya" and to analyse its components; to consider safe service conditions of NPS "Kropotkinskaya"
Millicurrent stimulation of human articular chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen type-I gel and of human osteochondral explants
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Here we investigate the effect of millicurrent treatment on human chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen gel matrix and on human osteochondral explants.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Human chondrocytes from osteoarthritic knee joints were enzymatically released and transferred into a collagen type-I gel. Osteochondral explants and cell-seeded gel samples were cultivated in-vitro for three weeks. Samples of the verum groups were stimulated every two days by millicurrent treatment (3 mA, sinusoidal signal of 312 Hz amplitude modulated by two super-imposed signals of 0.28 Hz), while control samples remained unaffected. After recovery, collagen type-I, type-II, aggrecan, interleukin-1Ξ², IL-6, TNFΞ± and MMP13 were examined by immunohistochemistry and by real time PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>With regard to the immunostainings 3 D gel samples and osteochondral explants did not show any differences between treatment and control group. The expression of all investigated genes of the 3 D gel samples was elevated following millicurrent treatment. While osteochondral explant gene expression of col-I, col-II and Il-1Ξ² was nearly unaffected, aggrecan gene expression was elevated. Following millicurrent treatment, IL-6, TNFΞ±, and MMP13 gene expression decreased. In general, the standard deviations of the gene expression data were high, resulting in rarely significant results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that millicurrent stimulation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes cultivated in a 3 D collagen gel and of osteochondral explants directly influences cell metabolism.</p
No Evidence of Persisting Unrepaired Nuclear DNA Single Strand Breaks in Distinct Types of Cells in the Brain, Kidney, and Liver of Adult Mice after Continuous Eight-Week 50 Hz Magnetic Field Exposure with Flux Density of 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT
BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized in the literature that exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (50 or 60 Hz) may lead to human health effects such as childhood leukemia or brain tumors. In a previous study investigating multiple types of cells from brain and kidney of the mouse (Acta Neuropathologica 2004; 107: 257-264), we found increased unrepaired nuclear DNA single strand breaks (nDNA SSB) only in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in the brain using autoradiographic methods after a continuous eight-week 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure of adult mice with flux density of 1.5 mT. METHODS: In the present study we tested the hypothesis that MF exposure with lower flux densities (0.1 mT, i.e., the actual exposure limit for the population in most European countries, and 1.0 mT) shows similar results to those in the previous study. Experiments and data analysis were carried out in a similar way as in our previous study. RESULTS: Continuous eight-week 50 Hz MF exposure with 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT did not result in increased persisting unrepaired nDNA SSB in distinct types of cells in the brain, kidney, and liver of adult mice. MF exposure with 1.0 mT led to reduced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in epithelial cells in the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle in the brain (EC-CP) and epithelial cells of the cortical collecting duct in the kidney, as well as to reduced mtDNA synthesis in neurons of the caudate nucleus in the brain and in EC-CP. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for increased persisting unrepaired nDNA SSB in distinct types of cells in the brain, kidney, and liver of adult mice after continuous eight-week 50 Hz magnetic field exposure with flux density of 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT
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