EUV/Soft X-Ray Interference Lithography

Based on the coherent radiation from an undulator source, extreme UV interference lithography (EUV-IL) technology is considered as the leading candidate for future nodes of high-volume semiconductor manufacturing. The throughput of this technique is much higher than that of traditional lithography methods such as e-beam lithography (EBL) and laser interference lithography (LIL). Different types of interference schemes based on reflection mirrors and transmission diffraction masks have been described in this chapter. Achromatic Talbot lithography (ATL) and the soft X-ray interference lithography (SXIL) with different photon energies have also been developed to produce highly dense, high-resolution periodic nanostructures. Two scan-exposure techniques, one is the method employing the broadband Talbot effect and the other based on the multi-grating EUV-IL with an order sorting aperture (OSA), have been used to obtain periodic nanostructures over large areas. Applications of EUV-IL on EUV-resist testing and nano-science have been illustrated

Optimal Allocation of Virtual Inertia and Droop Control for Renewable Energy in Stochastic Look-Ahead Power Dispatch

To stabilize the frequency of the renewable energy sources (RESs) dominated power system, frequency supports are required by RESs through virtual inertia emulation or droop control in the newly published grid codes. Since the long-term RES prediction involves significant errors, we need online configure the frequency control parameters of RESs in a rolling manner to improve the operation economics under the premise of stabilizing system frequency. To address this concern, this paper proposes a frequency constrained stochastic look-ahead power dispatch (FCS-LAPD) model to formulate the frequency control parameters of RESs and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) as scheduling variables, which can optimally allocate the virtual inertia and droop coefficient of RESs and ESSs. In this FCS-LAPD model, the uncertainties of RESs are characterized using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The required reserves are determined by frequency control parameters, and the reserve cost coefficients are adjusted properly to allocate the reserves according to the predicted power generation. Due to the nonlinearity of the frequency nadir constraint, a convex hull approximation method is proposed to linearize it with guaranteed feasibility. The proposed FCS-LAPD is ultimately cast as an instance of quadratic programming and can be efficiently solved. Case studies on modified IEEE 24-bus system and a provincial power system in China are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed model

Human SFMBT is a transcriptional repressor protein that selectively binds the N‐terminal tail of histone H3

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116313/1/feb2s0014579307006746.pd

Factors on perceived waiting time and implications on passengers’ satisfaction with waiting time

In order to explore the influence factors on perceived waiting time, a multiple linear regression model is used to quantitatively describe the relationship between perceived waiting time and various factors. The model is established with 234 data, which is surveyed with questionnaire in three stops in Harbin, China. The results show that several certain factors (“trip purpose-to where”, “presence of a companion-weather have a companion or not”, “having a timing device-weather have a timing device or not”, “riding frequency-how many times to take one line per week” and “waiting behavior-what to do when wait for a bus”) have significant influence on perceived waiting time, which confirms previous findings and supports transferability of results. The significance of “waiting mood-how about the mood when wait for a bus” and “reserved waiting time-how long will wait” are confirmed for the first time in this study. In contrast to previous studies, “waiting time interval-what time of one day” is a negative variable and socioeconomic variables are non-significant. And it is found that the relationship between perceived waiting time and passengers’ satisfaction with waiting time follows a decreasing exponential distribution. With this model, the variation trend of the section, where passengers’ satisfaction value is larger than 0, is obviously steeper than the section less than 0. Such result proves that passengers’ mood with short time are more sensitive than with longer waiting time. And the borderline perceived waiting time, distinguishing satisfied from dissatisfied passengers, is proved to be 7.87 minutes when assignment interval of satisfaction is (-25,25], when satisfaction is positive (larger than 0), the accuracy is 70.30%, while the accuracy is 82.71% for negative satisfaction (less than 0)

Indium Phosphide Bismide

Indium phosphide bismide is a new member to the dilute bismide family. Since the first synthesis by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in 2013, it has cut a figure for its abnormal properties comparing with other dilute bismides. Bismuth (Bi) incorporation is always a difficulty for epitaxial growth of dilute. In this chapter, it shows how to regulate MBE growth parameters and their influence on Bi incorporation in InP1−xBix. Structural, electronic and optical properties are systematically reviewed. Thermal annealing to study Bi thermal stability and its effect on physical properties is performed. InP1−xBix shows strong and broad photoluminescence at room temperature, which is a potential candidate for fabricating super-luminescence diodes applied for enhancing spatial resolution in optical coherence tomography. Quaternary phosphide bismide, including InGaPBi and InAlPBi, is briefly introduced in this chapter