Some results of cislunar plasma research

The main results of plasma cislunar investigations, carried out during Luna-19 and Luna-22 spacecraft flights by means of dual frequency dispersion interferrometry, are briefly outlined. It is shown that a thin layer of plasma, with a height of several tens of kilometers and a maximum concentration of the order 1,000 electrons/cu cm exists above the solar illuminated lunar surface. A physical model of the formation and existence of such a plasma in cislunar space is proposed, taking into account the influence of local magnetic areas on the moon

The nighttime ionosphere of Mars from Mars-4 and Mars-5 radio occultation dual-frequency measurements

Dual frequency radio sounding of the Martian nighttime ionosphere was carried out during the exits from behind the planet of the Mars-4 spacecraft on February 2, 1974 and the Mars-5 spacecraft on February 18, 1974. In these experiments, the spacecraft transmitter emitted two coherent monochromatic signals in decimeter and centimeter wavelength ranges. At the Earth receiving station, the reduced phase difference (or frequencies) of these signals was measured. The nighttime ionosphere of Mars measured in both cases had a peak electron density of approximately 5 X 1,000/cu cm at an altitude of 110 to 130 km. At the times of spacecraft exit, the solar zenith angles at the point of occultation were 127 deg and 106 deg, respectively. The height profiles of electron concentration were obtained assuming spherical symmetry of the Martian ionosphere

German medicine, folklore and language in popular medical practices of the Eastern European Jews (nineteenth to twentieth century)

Medical customs of the Yiddish-speaking Jewish communities in Eastern Europe consisted of various elements, only some of which, mainly those associated with the Rabbinic tradition, could be described as idiosyncratic. Ashkenazi folk medicine was a complex heterogeneous system, to a large extent dependent on its social, geographic and historical milieu. It interacted with other systems: the official medicine and local folklore(s). In the following article several examples of German influences on the Jewish folk medicine will be indicated, as they appear in the sources written or published in the Russian Empire and Galicia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its intention is not only to present the visible impact of such works as Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland’s Makrobiotik oder die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern or Heinrich Paulizky’s Anleitungen für Landleute zu einer vernünftigen Gesundheitspflege, and not only to enumerate excerpts from the early modern German-Yiddish medical literature, but also to shed some new light on the presence of such influences in the Yiddish folklore