FDI in Retailing in India: Evolution of the public policies and prospect of changes in the years to come

India is a growing economy and many consider it as an attractive country to invest in, particularly in its rapidly growing and changing retail market. However, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is partially restricted in retail sector, and despite many years of debate, the regulations are changing very slowly. Foreign Investors are watching India, and giving keen interest to invest in the retail sector, but there are still plenty of uncertainties, restrictions and potential socio-economic risks.\nHere question arise about the FDI inflow in India’s retail sector will be problematic or will open the door of opportunities? What kind of policies will be taken by the government of India in the coming years? Yet there is no clear answer for this question, there are some views that have been expressed both in favors and against FDI in Indian retail sector. An effort has been made in this paper to highlight the stipulated policies for allowing FDI, as well as argument in favors and against permitting FDI in retail sector, from different stake holders, for example, Government, Parliament, State level, Local and National retailers, and also this paper has discussed about the prospect of changes in policy related to retail industry in future and lessons that can be learnt from China

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN RETAIL SECTOR:THE CASE OF INDIA

創価大

Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification Based Mutation Analysis of Dystrophin Gene in Nepalese Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorders caused due to mutation in dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness. This study was done to identify mutation in dystrophin gene in Nepalese patients with DMD using Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay in Nepal. Twenty one patients from different regions of Nepal, who were clinically diagnosed as DMD were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood samples were collected in EDTA vials, gDNA was extracted, and deletion mutation in the dystrophin gene was analysed using Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay.Exon deletion mutation in the dystrophin gene was observed in 14 (66.6%) out of 21 DMD cases. The most common exon deletion was observed and confined in exon 7-14 and 45-53 of dystrophin gene. The location of deletion in dystrophin gene is apparently non-random with a preponderance found in the hot spot regions. Use of MLPA is useful in detecting copy number changes in DMD proband and suspected carriers in Nepal

Response of potato clones to planting dates in Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal

A field trial was conducted to optimize the planting date and appropriate clone for ware potato production at Horticulture Research Station, Malepatan, Pokhara from October 2015 to March 2016. The trial was laid out in two factors Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. There were nine treatments with three replications. The treatments comprised of three dates of planting (30th October, 14th and 29th November) and three potato clones (Janakdev, Lbr 40 and PRP 266264.1). The results showed that the main effects of planting dates and potato clones significantly (P<0.05) affected most growth, yield and yield attributing parameters of the crop. Interaction effect of planting dates and potato clones also significantly influenced the number of above-ground stems per plant, ground cover percentage, number of tubers per plant, number and weight of small size tuber (<25 g), weight of medium or seed size (25-50 g) tuber and large size (>50 g) tuber, number and yield of tubers per plot, and yield t/ha. The highest yield (37.05 t/ha) was obtained from 14th November planting. The clone Lbr 40 produced a higher yield (36.05t/ha). The clone PRP 266264.1 planting on 30th October planting produced significantly a higher yield (41.34t/ha). The clone Lbr 40 produced significantly highest number and weight of large size (>50 g) tuber. Number of small size (<25 g) tuber per plot or unmarketable tuber significantly increased on delayed planting

Screening of Potential Plant Growth Promoting Properties of Bacillus Species Isolated from Different Regions of Nepal

The deleterious effects of intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to the substantial research efforts on finding the alternatives to these agrochemicals. This study was aimed to isolate Bacillus species from soil of different regions of Nepal and screen for their ability to promote plant growth directly or indirectly by testing their ability to produce plant growth hormone indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia and protease as well as phosphate solubilization. Thirty nine Bacillus strains were isolated from 25 soil samples of different regions of Kathmandu and Chitwan districts of Nepal. These isolates were tested for plant growth promoting traits in vitro. Among the total isolates, about 48.7% were indole acetic acid producers, 38.4% of the isolates showed the ability to solubilize the phosphate, 71.8% were able to produce ammonia and all the isolates had the ability to produce hydrogen cyanide and protease. The isolated strains showed positive results to maximum PGPR traits and exhibited a potential to be used as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides and could be used as low-cost bio-based technology to promote plant growth in the agricultural sector

Design of Digital Solar Water Pump Using Microcontroller ATmega 32

This paper focuses on the application of solar energy along with microcontrollers to design and run a motor to pump water from various sources. The solar water pump is one of the applications or appliance that perform task with the use of solar radiation. The solar water pump consists of solar PV array, solar pump, inverter, AC water pumping device etc. Solar energy radiation is converted in electrical current or power source which is then used to run a pump and draw water directly from ground, wells, rivers, lakes etc. In this paper, the relationship between flow rate of the water and luminous intensity of the solar irradiance is studied and the data are linearly fitted to find out the correlation between these parameters. Also the study about efficiency of the solar powered water pump shows that the operation of this type of pumping system is quite efficient than other types of fossil fuel engines like diesel, petrol, kerosene etc. in long run. The use of Arduino Uno, flow sensor, LDR sensors in the solar powered water pump helps to analyze the relation between these parameters and know the conditions favorable for excess supply of water in short time efficiently. These solar powered devices are the future of clean and green future of this world. Thus it is not only necessary but also compulsory to enhance the usage of solar energy throughout the globe

Effect of different levels of charcoal and nitrogen on growth and yield traits of broccoli

Saabunud / Received 19.11.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 05.02.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 05.02.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Prayusha Bhattarai; [email protected] is a carbon-rich organic matter, which serves as a soil conditioner when applied to agricultural fields. When used in combination with nitrogen fertilizers, it has a synergistic effect that boosts plant growth. However, charcoal application alone or in combination with nitrogen fertilizer on vegetable crops is not fully understood. Therefore, a pots experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of charcoal and nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of broccoli. The variety of broccoli used was Centauro. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor Completely Randomized Design with five replications during the winter season of 2019–2020 at Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal. Treatments consisted of four levels of charcoal (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% per weight of soil) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 187.5 and 375 kg N ha–1). Results revealed that increasing nitrogen levels from 0 to 375 kg N ha–1 significantly increased the number of leaves, leaf area, head diameter, head weight and aboveground biomass. The maximum head weight per plant (258.77 g) was found by applying a nitrogen level of 375 kg N ha–1 and the lowest value at 0 kg N ha–1. The application of increasing levels of charcoal significantly improved root length, leaf area and head diameter. It was concluded from the results that the optimum nitrogen level for broccoli production could be 375 kg N ha–1

A Short Note on Linkage of Climatic Records between Terai and Mid-mountain of Central Nepal

The steep North to South (N-S) gradient and complex topography markssignificant variations in the spatial and temporal patterns of climatic variation surrounding within a few distances in the Nepal Himalayas. Hence,to validate climatic linkages between the stations under two distinct topographic conditions, the study examines the observational climatic data from 106m a.s.l. and 1801m a.s.l., as a representative station from a plain and hilly area. Different statistical tools including Pearson correlation analysis and a best-fit regression model were applied to analyze climate data. The analysis of 13129 daily average temperature records and 13147 daily total precipitation records showed that the variation in their sum and average of daily, five days, ten days, and monthly values between the stations in the different elevations marked significantly.Despite these variations, temperature records are measured to be consistent in different altitudes and strongly correlated. The precipitation data showed a comparatively weaker correlation. The coefficients (0.85-1.6) with R2 >0.50 in the regression models for the lower elevation and higher elevation station in the mid-mountain region except for the monsoon season. It indicated a similar fluctuation of temperature between these two stations in the respective area. The strong degree of association and the change of climatic parameters in different range and elevations indicate the possibilities of using climatic data from Terai to represent the Mid-mountain region of central Nepal

Minimally Invasive-Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning for Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children

Introductions: Although Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning is the goldstandard of treatment for Supracondylar fractures (SC) in children, reductionis not always easy. Minimally Invasive, Closed Reduction and PercutaneousPinning (MI-CRPP) reduces the soft tissue trauma and provides easy reduction.We have reviewed the success rate of minimally invasive reduction techniqueand its outcome.Methods: We reviewed the charts of 155 children (97 male, 58 female) ageranging from 2 to 14 years with SC fractures of the humerus who were operatedwith minimally invasive closed reduction and precutaneous pinning fromNovember 2008 to June 2014 at Patan Hospital and Om Hospital. They werefollowed up for a mean of eight (4 to 24) weeks. The K-wires were removed at4 to 6 (average 4.28) weeks.Results: Male children were affected more than female with the ratio being 97to 58. Right side was affected more than left (ratio 89 to 66). Post-operatively,there were six (3.87%) ulnar nerve injury and eight (5.16%) patients came withsuperficial pin tract infection. One hundred and thirteen (72.9%) had excellent,35 (22.58%) good, five (3.23%) fair and two (1.3%) poor results at the eightweek follow-up which was improved to 144 (92.9%) excellent, seven (4.5%)good, three (1.9%) fair and one (0.65%) poor results at the 14 week follow-up.Conclusions: Closed reduction of supracondylar fractures of the humerus inchildren with minimally invasive technique prior to K-wire fixation is a relativelysimple, safe and effective method of achieving satisfactory reduction and goodfunctional outcome.Keywords: cubitus varus deformity, K wire fixation,minimally invasive closedreduction and precutaneous pinning, supracondylar fracture