Understanding the Asthyashraya Vyadhi - in the view of Asthishula Chikitsa

Understanding the Asthyashraya Vyadhi is mandatory when a physician wants to treat the diseases related to Asthi. Hetu Gnana is obligatory in planning the Chikitsa. Ashraya-Ashrayee Sambandha of Dhatu & Dosha also acts as a prime factor in employing the appropriate treatment for the specific Vyadhi . In the process of treatment of Asthi Shula such as Katishula and Janu Sandhi Shula, the specific treatment/ therapy is required so that the treatment given at the root would give complete relief for the patient. Understanding the disease at the level of Dhatu Pradosha would become the right path in planning the specific treatment. Approaching Asthi Shula through the Dhatu Pradoshaja Vikaras would be more appropriate. The Chikitsa of Dhatu Pradoshaja Vikara corrects the Mula Dhatu Asthi, thereby the treatment of Asthi Shula would become complete

Controlled traffic farming effects on productivity of grain sorghum, rainfall and fertiliser nitrogen use efficiency

Controlled traffic farming (CTF) is a mechanisation system in which all machinery has the same (or modular) working and track width so that field traffic can be confined to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes. CTF enables productivity of non-compacted crop beds to be optimised for given energy, fertiliser and water (rainfall) inputs. This study investigated the agronomic response and economic return of grain sorghum grown in compacted and non-compacted soils to represent the conditions of non-CTF and CTF systems, respectively. Yield-to-nitrogen (N) responses were derived following application of urea, 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate-treated urea (DMPP), and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 32% N) at rates between 0 and 300 kg ha−1 N. Selected soil properties were measured to guide parametrisation of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), which was used to assess long-term (55 years) effects of CTF and non-CTF soil conditions on crop productivity, rainfall use efficiency (RUE) and develop rainfall-runoff relationships. Grain yield and yield components (harvest Index, grain thousand-grain weight, number of grains) were significantly higher in CTF compared with non-CTF. On average, the most economic N rates, and corresponding grain yields, were 144 and 3428 kg ha−1, and 100 and 1796 kg ha−1 for CTF and non-CTF, respectively. When N inputs were optimised, agronomic efficiency calculations showed 18% increase in CTF compared with non-CTF. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was 1.75 times higher in CTF than in non-CTF. Rainfall-use efficiency was about 65% higher in CTF, which concurrently reduced the amount of runoff compared with non-CTF. Average rainfall season (330–450 mm in-crop) grain yield was 30% lower in non-CTF compared with CTF. For subtropical conditions of Australia, long-term APSIM simulations showed that increased productivity and inter-season yield stability can increase gross margin of grain sorghum by AUD74 ha−1 or greater depending on the adopted tillage system and in-crop rainfall. In non-CTF systems, improvements in NUE and RUE are constrained by soil compaction. Enhanced efficiency fertilisers, such as DMPP-treated urea, cannot compensate for other stresses caused by soil compaction and therefore cannot achieve the same NUE and RUE as the CTF system. Adoption of CTF delivers improved resource-use efficiency and profitability in rainfall-limited environments

Agronomic performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fertiliser use efficiency as affected by controlled and non-controlled traffic of farm machinery

Controlled traffic farming (CTF) is a mechanization system that confines all load-bearing wheels to permanent traffic lanes, thus optimizing productivity of non-compacted crop beds for given energy, fertilizer and water inputs. This study investigated the agronomic and economic performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in compacted and non-compacted soils to represent the conditions of non-CTF and CTF systems, respectively. Yield-to-nitrogen (N) responses were obtained by applying urea (46% N), urea treated with 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP), commercially known as ENTEC® urea (46% N), and urea ammonium nitrate (solution, 30%N) at rates between 0 (control) and 300 kg ha-1 N at regular increments of 100 kg ha-1 N. The results showed that the CTF system increased grain yield, total aboveground biomass, and harvest index by 12%, 9%, and 4%, respectively compared to the crop grown under the non-CTF system (P<0.05). Overall, the agronomic efficiency was approximately 35% higher in CTF compared with non-CTF (≈4 vs. 3 kg kg-1, respectively). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was approximately 50% higher in CTF compared with non-CTF; however, there was not fertilizer type effect on NUE. On average, the optimal economic nitrogen application rates and corresponding grain yields were 122 kg ha-1 and 3337 kg ha-1, and 175 and 3150 kg ha-1 in the CTF and non-CTF systems, respectively. This work demonstrated that significant improvements in fertilizer-N recoveries may not be realized with enhanced nitrogen formulations alone and that avoidance of (random) traffic compaction is a pre-requisite for improved fertilizer use efficiency

Controlled traffic farming delivers improved agronomic performance of wheat as a result of enhanced rainfall and fertiliser nitrogen use efficiency

This study investigated the agronomic response and economic return of wheat grown in compacted and non-compacted soils to represent the conditions of non-controlled (non-CTF) and controlled traffic (CTF) systems, respectively. Yield-to-nitrogen responses were derived after application of urea, DMPP-treated urea, and UAN at rates between 0 and 300 kg ha−1 N. Soil properties were measured to guide parametrisation of APSIM, which was used to assess longterm (50 years) effects of CTF and non-CTF soil conditions on crop productivity, rainfall-use efficiency (RUE) and surface runoff. Grain yield and yield components were significantly higher in CTF compared with non-CTF. When N inputs were optimised, N use efficiency (NUE) was more than double in CTF (≈23%) compared with non-CTF (≈9%). RUE was about 15% higher in CTF, which concurrently reduced the amount of surface runoff compared with non-CTF. For years with average rainfall (240-mm in-crop), yield penalties of up 12% may be expected in non-CTF. APSIM simulations showed that increased productivity, and inter-annual yield stability, can increase gross margin of wheat by AUD30-50 ha−1 depending on in-crop rainfall and the tillage method used. In non-CTF systems, improvements in NUE and RUE are constrained by soil compaction. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers cannot compensate for other stresses caused by compaction and therefore cannot achieve the same NUE and RUE as the CTF system. Adoption of CTF in water-constrained environments improves profitability and resource-use efficiency

Agronomic performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and fertilizer use efficiency as affected by controlled and non-controlled traffic of farm machinery

Compaction adversely affects the physical properties of soils and the ability of crops to efficiently use water (rainfall, irrigation) and nutrients, and therefore reduces the amount of fertilizer recovered in grain. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of traffic compaction on sorghum response to nitrogen (N) fertilization. Soil conditions (density) representative of controlled (CTF) and non-controlled traffic (non-CTF) farming systems were achieved by removing compaction through subsoiling to a depth of approximately 300 mm and by performing six passes of a medium-sized tractor, respectively. The soil type used in the study was a Red Ferrosol (69% clay, 11% silt, and 20% sand), which is commonly used in Australia for grain production. Sorghum was grown during the 2015-2016 season and fertilizer was applied at rates between 0 (control) and 300 kg ha-1 N at regular increments of 100 kg ha-1 N using urea (46% N), urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN, solution, 32% N) and ENTEC® urea (46% N). Grain yield was approximately 40% higher in the traffic treatment representative of CTF compared with that of the non-CTF, and consistent with differences (P<0.05) in all measurements of crop yield components (total aboveground biomass, harvest index, and thousand-grain weight). Fertilizer type had no effect on grain yield, which confirmed that traffic compaction was the main factor affecting crop performance and N recovery in grain and biomass. The optimum N application rates were 145 kg ha-1 N for CTF and 100 kg ha-1 N non-CTF, which corresponded with grain yields of 3430 and 1795 kg ha-1, and agronomic efficiencies of 24 and 17 kg kg-1, respectively. Given current price ratios (nitrogen-to-grain) and fertilizer type used, gross margin penalties of up to AUD75 per ha may be incurred in non-CTF systems compared with CTF when zero-tillage is practised, and about double when shallow tillage is practised. This study also showed that, regardless of the N formulation used, N use efficiency cannot be significantly increased if the mechanization system does not allow for avoidance of traffic compaction. Therefore, the benefits of enhanced efficiency fertilizers may not be fully realized if soil compaction is not appropriately managed. Improved soil structural conditions are a pre-requisite for increased fertilizer use efficiency

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema

Angioedema is a potentially life-threatening adverse effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Bradykinin and substance P, substrates of angiotensin-converting enzyme, increase vascular permeability and cause tissue edema in animals. Studies indicate that amino-terminal degradation of these peptides, by aminopeptidase P and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, may be impaired in individuals with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. This case-control study tested the hypothesis that dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and antigen are decreased in sera of patients with a history of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Fifty subjects with a history of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema and 176 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-exposed control subjects were ascertained. Sera were assayed for angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, aminopeptidase P activity, aminopeptidase N activity, dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, and antigen and the ex vivo degradation half-lives of bradykinin, des-Arg-bradykinin, and substance P in a subset. The prevalence of smoking was increased and of diabetes decreased in case versus control subjects. Overall, dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity (26.6±7.8 versus 29.6±7.3 nmol/mL per minute; P=0.026) and antigen (465.8±260.8 versus 563.1±208.6 ng/mL; P=0.017) were decreased in sera from individuals with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-exposed control subjects without angioedema. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity (21.5±4.9 versus 29.8±6.7 nmol/mL per minute; P=0.001) and antigen (354.4±124.7 versus 559.8±163.2 ng/mL; P=0.003) were decreased in sera from cases collected during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition but not in the absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. The degradation half-life of substance P correlated inversely with dipeptidyl peptidase IV antigen during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Environmental or genetic factors that reduce dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity may predispose individuals to angioedema. © 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/192635/2/Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor associated angioedema.pdfPublished versio

Not Available

Not AvailableBackground: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease that has been found in several countries of Asia and is responsible for high mortality and morbidity of men and animals in rural and sub-urban endemic areas due to the virus re-circulation among diverse hosts and vectors. The present study estimates the prevalence of the JE virus in the vector and animal population of the Asian continent using a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: The Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis [PRISMA] guidelines were used for systematic review and meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was observed in meta-regression analysis due to several factors including region, species, and different diagnostic assays used in various studies. Thus we did sensitivity and subgroup analysis.Results: The prevalence of the JE virus was calculated using a total sample size of 47,391. Subgroup analysis revealed the JE virus prevalence of 39% in the Southeast Asia region, followed by East Asia with 35% and South Asia with 15% prevalence. Hence, the overall pooled prevalence of the JE virus was 26% in the Asian continent.Conclusions: The highest proportion of infection was found in pigs amongst all animals, reinforcing the fact that they can be used as sentinels to predict outbreaks in humans. The findings of this study will enable researchers and policymakers in better understanding the disease's spatial and temporal distribution, as well as in creating and implementing location-specific JE prevention and control measures.Not Availabl

Evaluating the Antimicrobial and Anti-Hemolytic Activity of Synthesized Pseudopeptide against <i>Leptospiral</i> Species: In Silico and In Vitro Approach

Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare complications in patients. Leptospirosis is found to be the most prevalent, re-emergent, and neglected tropical zoonotic disease worldwide. The adaptation to various environmental conditions has made Leptospira acquire a large genome (~4.6 Mb) and a complex outer membrane, making it unique among bacteria that mimic the symptoms of jaundice and hemorrhage. Sph2 is another important virulence factor that enhances hemolytic sphingomyelinase—capable of moving inside mitochondria—which increases the ROS level and decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby leading to cell apoptosis. In the present study, 25 suspected bovine serum samples were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) across the Mysuru region. Different samples, such as urine, serum, and aborted materials from the confirmed MAT-positive animals, were used for isolation and genomic detection by conventional PCR targeting virulence gene, Lipl32, using specific primers. Further, in vitro and in silico studies were performed on isolated cultures to assess the anti-leptospiral, anti-hemolytic, and sphingomyelinase enzyme inhibition using novel pseudopeptides. The microdilution technique (MDT) and dark field microscope (DFM) assays revealed that at a concentration of 62.5 μg/mL, the pseudopeptide inhibited 100% of the growth of Leptospira spp., suggesting its efficiency in the treatment of leptospirosis. The flow cytometry analyses show the potency of the pseudopeptide against sphingomyelinase enzymes using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Thus, the present study demonstrated the efficacy of the pseudopeptide in the inhibition of the growth of Leptospira, and therefore, this can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of leptospirosis