A REVIEW ON CONTROVERSIES AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF PARIBHASHA SHARIRY

Sharir Rachana is an integrative branch of Ayurveda that studies the human body in its most minute form to an organized structural form. Sushruta, first carried out a detailed cadaveric study of the human body around 2000 yrs ago and laid the bedrock of Sharir Rachana Vigyan in his Samhita. Cadaveric studies thus helped the ancient seers explore many structures of human body and thus with the passing time this scientific branch evolved with a complex nomenclature of the various body parts. These nomenclatures and definitions of the basic bodily structures are compiled under the heading of Paribhasha Sharir. The knowledge of Paribhasha Sharir holds utmost importance in the field of surgery and medicine as well. However lack of social and technological advancements in the era when Ayurveda was encrypted by the sages, there emerged out various controversies over a particular structure. Acharyas have stated out individual opinions over a single structure that created a big confusion to the forth coming generations. With developments in recent times these confusions were gradually resolved keeping the original texts and definitions unaltered. Thus the present article is a framework that reviews the controversies and applied aspects of Paribhasha Sharir in Rachana Sharir Vigyan

Advances in Tissue Engineering Approaches for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Reconstruction

Trauma, congenital abnormalities and pathologies such as cancer can cause significant defects in craniofacial bone. Regeneration of the bone in the craniofacial area presents a unique set of challenges due to its complexity and association with various other tissues. Bone grafts and bone cement are the traditional treatment options but pose their own issues with regards to integration and morbidity. This has driven the search for materials which mimic the natural bone and can act as scaffolds to guide bone growth. Novel technology and computer aided manufacturing have allowed us to control material parameters such as mechanical strength and pore geometry. In this chapter, we elaborate the current status of materials and techniques used in fabrication of scaffolds for craniomaxillofacial bone tissue engineering and discuss the future prospects for advancements

Initial Commitment to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Circumcision for HIV Prevention amongst Indian Truck Drivers

Studies of HIV prevention interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) and circumcision in India are limited. The present study sought to investigate Indian truck-drivers initial commitment to PREP and circumcision utilizing the AIDS Risk Reduction Model. Ninety truck-drivers completed an in-depth qualitative interview and provided a blood sample for HIV and HSV-2 testing. Truck-drivers exhibited low levels of initial commitment towards PREP and even lower for circumcision. However, potential leverage points for increasing commitment were realized in fear of infecting family rather than self, self-perceptions of risk, and for PREP focusing on cultural beliefs towards medication and physicians. Cost was a major barrier to both HIV prevention interventions. Despite these barriers, our findings suggest that the ARRM may be useful in identifying several leverage points that may be used by peers, health care providers and public health field workers to enhance initial commitment to novel HIV prevention interventions in India

Montelukast medicines of today and tomorrow: from molecular pharmaceutics to technological formulations

Montelukast sodium is a leukotriene antagonist of growing interest as an alternative therapy for asthma across different age groups due to its bronchoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Currently, montelukast is commercialized only in oral solid dosage forms, which are the favorite of adult patients but may pose challenges in administration to children of young age or patients suffering from dysphagia. This review presents a comprehensive revision of scientific reports and patents on emerging strategies for the delivery of montelukast. A common ground to these reports is the pursue of an enhanced montelukast performance, by increasing its bioavailability and physico-chemical stability. A wide variety of strategies can be found, from the formation of supramolecular adducts with cyclodextrins to encapsulation in nanoparticles and liposomes. The new dosage forms for montelukast are designed for non-enteric absorption, some for absorption in the oral cavity and another two being for local action in the nasal mucosa or in the pulmonary epithelium. The review describes the emerging delivery strategies to circumvent the current limitations to the use of montelukast that are expected to ultimately lead to the development of more patient-compliant dosage forms

Reattachment of Coronal Tooth Fragment: Regaining Back to Normal

Dental trauma is such a situation wherein the patient is affected both socially and psychologically. During their first dental visit, these patients with trauma are in pain and need emergency treatment. Such patients are quite apprehensive because of impaired functions, esthetics, and phonetics. The prime objective while handling such cases is successful pain management with immediate restoration of function, esthetics, and phonetics. The advances in adhesive dentistry have allowed dentists to use the patient’s own fragment to restore the fractured tooth. Reattachment is such an ultraconservative technique which provides safe, fast, and esthetically pleasing results. This paper discusses fragment reattachment technique and presents a clinical case of complicated crown fracture

Experimental hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress and impairment of antioxidant defence system in rat testis

1058-1067Short-term hyperthyroidism, induced by daily administration of T3 (20μgl/100g body weight) for one, three, and five days consecutively, modulates oxidative stress and antioxidant defence parameters in mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of testis in adult rats. Alteration in antioxidant defences along with oxidative stress parameters in testis by thyroid hormone was found to be associated with a decline in the number of sperms and disturbances in histoarchitecture of seminiferous tubules in the testes; the results indicated that induced hyperthyroid state altered testicular physiology by influencing antioxidant defence system of testes

Comparative Study of Power Quality Event Characterization using Scalable Vector Graphics & Matlab

The research delves into the topic of power quality event extraction and compares two parameters—voltage sag/swell and harmonics—using data supplied by SVG and waveforms created by Matlab. When it comes to power quality analysis, the SVG method shines through in the qualitative comparison of findings

Supplementation of T3 Recovers Hypothyroid Rat Liver Cells from Oxidatively Damaged Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Leading to Apoptosis

Hypothyroidism is a growing medical concern. There are conflicting reports regarding the mechanism of oxidative stress in hypothyroidism. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is pivotal to thyroid dysfunction. The present study aimed to delineate the effects of hepatic inner mitochondrial membrane dysfunction as a consequence of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in rats. Increased oxidative stress predominance in the submitochondrial particles (SMP) and altered antioxidant defenses in the mitochondrial matrix fraction correlated with hepatocyte apoptosis. In order to check whether the effects caused by hypothyroidism are reversed by T3, the above parameters were evaluated in a subset of T3-treated hypothyroid rats. Complex I activity was inhibited in hypothyroid SMP, whereas T3 supplementation upregulated electron transport chain complexes. Higher mitochondrial H2O2 levels in hypothyroidism due to reduced matrix GPx activity culminated in severe oxidative damage to membrane lipids. SMP and matrix proteins were stabilised in hypothyroidism but exhibited increased carbonylation after T3 administration. Glutathione content was higher in both. Hepatocyte apoptosis was evident in hypothyroid liver sections; T3 administration, on the other hand, exerted antiapoptotic and proproliferative effects. Hence, thyroid hormone level critically regulates functional integrity of hepatic mitochondria; hypothyroidism injures mitochondrial membrane lipids leading to hepatocyte apoptosis, which is substantially recovered upon T3 supplementation