Risk assessment of specific heavy metals cumulative exposure to dendrobium officinale in nine provinces in China

ObjectiveTo understand the consumption of dendrobium officinale， by residents in nine Chinese provinces， and assess the cumulative levels of exposure related to four heavy metals （lead， cadmium， mercury， and arsenic） in dendrobium officinale consumers.MethodsConsumption data from nine Chinese provinces from 2019 and 2022 and a literature review were used based on a simple distribution model and the hazard index （HI） method to assess the health risk of four heavy metals .ResultsConsumers mainly preferred dried dendrobium officinale （37.3%） and commonly consumed it by brewing tea or cooking soup. The average value of a single consumption amount was 8.2 g/person. Fresh dendrobium officinale was consumed by 12.9% of the surveyed population， primarily through juicing with an average single serving size of 30.8 g/person. The exposure assessment results indicate that in the case of dendrobium officinale （dried/fresh）， the exposure levels of four heavy metals exposure in dried products were consistently higher than in fresh ones. Additionally， the average exposure level of lead （dried/fresh） was the highest； arsenic exposure levels for different gender-age groups were above the health guidance value or 5% reference dose ［Margin of exposure （MOE>1）］. Average lead exposure exceeded the standard （MOE>1）， whereas the 95th percentile （P95） values exposure were below 1 （MOE<1）. Cadmium and mercury exposure levels are below the 5% health guidance value.The assessment results of heavy metal exposure in residents consuming dendrobium officinale in different provinces indicate that residents in Jiangxi Province have the highest levels of exposure to four types of heavy metals. The MOE values for high-end exposure to lead in both Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province are less than 1. The cumulative assessment of 4 elements indicates that the HI values for consumers of dendrobium officinale are all less than 1.ConclusionConsumers of dendrobium officinale in China have low health risks associated with arsenic， cadmium， and mercury exposure. However， individuals with high food intake individuals should pay attention to the health risks associated with lead exposure

Persistence of frequency in gas–liquid flows across a change in pipe diameter or orientation

From a study of the characteristics of structures across a 67/38 mm sudden contraction, using air/silicone oil flows, it has been found that frequencies of the structures (mainly slugs) persist across the contraction. This is in contrast to the velocities and lengths which increase as they move into the smaller diameter pipe. These observations were found for both vertical and 5° upward orientations. A similar persistence of frequency has been found from four other sources in the literature: a vertical (gradual) contraction; a horizontal Venturi; and two cases of horizontal pipe, 90° bend and vertical riser combination. The latter were at two contrasting conditions: (i) at atmospheric pressure with air/water in small diameter (34 mm) pipes; (ii) at 20 bar in larger diameter pipes (189 mm) using nitrogen and naphtha

Third WHO Global Consultation on regulatory requirements for xenotransplantation clinical trials, Changsha, Hunan, China December 12-14, 2018: "The 2018 Changsha Communiqué" The 10-Year Anniversary of The International Consultation on Xenotransplantation

After feedback from the working parties, the final session focused on drafting proposed revisions of the WHO documents, and resulted in the formulation of the draft “Third WHO Global Consultation on Regulatory Requirements for Xenotransplantation Clinical Trials, The 2018 Changsha Communiqué.” This draft was submitted to WHO in February 2019 for WHO and World Health Assembly consideration. If approved, the 2018 Changsha Communiqué will then be posted on the websites of WHO, IXA, and TTS, and published in Xenotransplantation. This report includes summaries of the various sessions, followed by the abstracts of invited speakers from the update sessions

Characterization of a Novel Aspartic Protease from Rhizomucor miehei Expressed in Aspergillus niger and Its Application in Production of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides

Rhizomucor miehei is an important fungus that produces aspartic proteases suitable for cheese processing. In this study, a novel aspartic protease gene (RmproB) was cloned from R. miehei CAU432 and expressed in Aspergillus niger. The amino acid sequence of RmproB shared the highest identity of 58.2% with the saccharopepsin PEP4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. High protease activity of 1242.2 U/mL was obtained through high density fermentation in 5 L fermentor. RmproB showed the optimal activity at pH 2.5 and 40 &deg;C, respectively. It was stable within pH 1.5&ndash;6.5 and up to 45 &deg;C. RmproB exhibited broad substrate specificity and had Km values of 3.16, 5.88, 5.43, and 1.56 mg/mL for casein, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and bovine serum albumin, respectively. RmproB also showed remarkable milk-clotting activity of 3894.1 SU/mg and identified the cleavage of Lys21-Ile22, Leu32-Ser33, Lys63-Pro64, Leu79-Ser80, Phe105-Met106, and Asp148-Ser149 bonds in &kappa;-casein. Moreover, duck hemoglobin was hydrolyzed by RmproB to prepare angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides with high ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0.195 mg/mL). The duck hemoglobin peptides were further produced at kilo-scale with a yield of 62.5%. High-level expression and favorable biochemical characterization of RmproB make it a promising candidate for cheese processing and production of ACE-inhibitory peptides

Willingness intensity and co-evolution of decision rationality depending on aspiration enhance cooperation in the spatial public goods game.

The Fermi rule states that rational or irrational sentiment affects individual decision-making. Existing studies have assumed that individuals' irrational sentiments and behavior willingness have fixed values and do not change with time. In reality, people's rationality sentiment and behavior willingness may be influenced by some factors. Therefore, we propose a spatial public goods game mechanism, in which individuals' rational sentiment is co-evolution synchronously depending on the difference between aspiration and payoff. Moreover, the intensity of their subjective willingness to change the status quo depends on the gap between aspiration and payoff. We likewise compare the combined promotion effect of the stochastic "Win-Stay-Lose-Shift" (WSLS) and random imitation (IM) rules. Simulation experiments indicate that high enhancement factors are not conducive to cooperation under the IM rules. When aspiration is small, WSLS is more conducive to promoting cooperation than IM, while increasing aspiration, and the opposite phenomenon will appear. The heterogeneous strategic update rule is beneficial to the evolution of cooperation. Lastly, we find that this mechanism performs better than the traditional case in enhancing cooperation

Fig 10 -

(a) Frequency of cooperation fc is dependent on A for different values of enhancement factor r under hybrid strategy updates rules; (b-d) Snapshots of types A (purple) and B (blue) on the regular network.</p

Transition probability and payoff as a function of <i>MCS</i> for different parameters.

(a) transition probability under aspiration A = 0.7, 0.9 and r = 6, 7; (b) Payoff of cooperators under aspiration A = 0.9 and r = 6, 7. All results are obtained under r = 7 and L = 100 based on the WSLS rule.</p

Snapshots of willingness and rationality distribution on the regular lattice depending on <i>IM</i>, <i>w</i> = [0.1,1].

A = 0.9 and r = 6. Snapshots were taken at MCS = 1, 5, 10, 100, and 11000 from left to right. All results are obtained under L = 100 based on the IM rule.</p

Cooperation level comparison between the co-evolutionary mechanism and traditional case, in which without mechanism, whether IM or WSLS, the co-evolutionary mechanism performs better than the traditional situation.

All results are obtained under L = 100. (a) WSLS and (b) IM.</p