La masse monétaire en France, 1890-1913

[fre] Résumé . II n'existe pas, pour la période 1890-1913, de statistique fiable du montant total de la masse monétaire française, en particulier du fait des incertitudes concernant le montant des dépôts bancaires et de ceux des caisses d'épargne. L'étude montre que le volume des dépôts bancaires était très inférieur à celui du Royaume-Uni à la même époque. Y contribuaient quatre facteurs principaux : la popularité des caisses d'épargne ; la méfiance des Français par rapport au chèque ; la nécessité d'ouvrir des comptes de chèques en plus des comptes courants pour pouvoir toucher des chèques ; la popularité des billets de la Banque de France. Même si le système bancaire français demeurait relativement sous-développé par rapport à celui du Royaume-Uni, le système des caisses d'épargne était relativement plus fort qu' Outre-manche et la circulation des effets de commerce y était proportionnellement plus importante. Ces deux derniers facteurs ont compensé jusqu'à un certain point la rareté relative des dépôts bancaires en France. [eng] Abstract . For the 1890-1913 period, there is no reliable statistic on the total amount of the French monetary stock, particularly because of the uncertainties of the deposits in the banks and the savings banks. The study points that the ban deposits in France were considerably lower that in the United Kingdom at he same time. Four main reasons could be pointed out: the savings banks were popular; then the French people did not trust cheques; the necessity of opening a cheques account beside a current count in order to receive payment for cheques: the popularity of the notes issued by the Banque de France. Even if the French banking system was underdeveloped in comparison with the British one, the savings bank system was stronger on the other side of the Channel and the circulation of the bills of exchange was greater in proportion. These two last reasons make up to a certain point the relative scarcity of bank deposits in France.

Genetic analysis of a Japanese cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis family: identification of a novel mutation in the adrenodoxin binding region of the CYP 27 gene

AbstractCerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), an autosomal recessive lipid-storage hereditary disorder, is caused by mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP 27). A 24-year-old female Japanese CTX patient and her parents were studied for a CYP 27 mutation. Multiple xanthomas were the main complaint of the patient and plasma cholestanol level was markedly elevated. Sterol analysis of a xanthoma biopsy confirmed cholesterol and cholestanol deposition, and the cholestanol accounted for 8.1% of the total setrols. Sterol 27-hydroxylase activity in fibroblasts derived from the patient was undetectable, while the activities in fibroblasts from her mother and father were 54% and 41% of the normal level, respectively. Direct sequence analysis showed a missense mutation of A for G substitution in the CYP 27 gene at codon 362 (CGT 362Arg to CAT 362His) with a homozygous pattern in the patient, and a heterozygous pattern in the parents. The mutation, which eliminates a normal HgaI endonuclease site at position 1195 of the cDNA and is located at the adrenodoxin binding region of the gene, is most probably responsible for the decreased sterol 27-hydroxylase activity in this Japanese CTX family. The combined data strongly support that the primary enzymatic defect in CTX is the disruption of sterol 27-hydroxylase and that the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive trait