Organizational life-cycle: The characteristics of developmental stages in Russian companies created from scratch

Although plenty of organizational life-cycle research in developed countries may be found in the literature, there is a remarkable lack of such research for transition economies like Russia. This article presents the results of 593 Russian entrepreneurial firms surveyed with a focus on organizational lifecycle issues. A model of the life-cycle was developed including three stages: start-up, growth and formalization. It is found that the development of Russian newly established companies is characterized by an unusually slow change of centralization and formalization level as the firm moves from one stage to another and by preserving the owner's control over the firm even after the transition to professional management.Obwohl zahlreiche Arbeiten zu organisatorischen Lebenszyklen in den entwickelten Ländern existieren, gibt es einen bemerkenswerten Mangel an solcher Forschung für Transformationsländer wie Russland. Dieser Artikel enthält die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 593 russischen Unternehmen mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Fragen zum organisatorischen Lebenszyklus. Ein Lebenszyklus-Modell mit drei Stufen wird entwickelt - Gründung, Wachstum und Formalisierung. Es wird festgestellt, dass die Entwicklung der neu gegründeten Unternehmen in Russland beim Übergang von einer Stufe zur nächsten durch eine ungewöhnlich langsame Veränderung bezüglich Zentralisierung und Formalisierungsniveau gekennzeichnet ist und durch das Aufrechterhalten der Kontrolle des Eigentümers über die Firma, selbst nach dem Wechsel zu einem professionellen Management

Homoleptic Poly(nitrato) Complexes of Group 14 Stable at Ambient Conditions

Using a novel approach in homoleptic nitrate chemistry, Sn(NO3)62− (3c) as well as the previously unknown hexanitrato complexes Si(NO3)62− (1c), Ge(NO3)62− (2c) were synthesized from the element tetranitrates as salt-like compounds which were isolated and characterized using 1H, 14N, and 29Si NMR and IR spectroscopies, elemental and thermal analyses, and single-crystal XRD. All hexanitrates are moderately air-sensitive at 298 K and possess greater thermal stability toward NO2 elimination than their charge-neutral tetranitrato congeners as solids and in solution. The complexes possess distorted octahedral coordination skeletons and adopt geometries that are highly symmetric (3c) or deformed (1c, 2c) depending on the degree of steric congestion of the ligand sphere. As opposed to the κ2O,O′ coordination mode reported for Sn(NO3)4 previously,1 all nitrato ligands of 3c coordinate in κ1O mode. Six geometric isomers of E(NO3)62− were identified as minima on the PES using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of which two were observed experimentally

The four-loop β\beta-function from vacuum supergraphs and the NSVZ relation for N=1{\cal N}=1 SQED regularized by higher derivatives

In ${\cal N}=1$ SQED with $N_f$ flavors regularized by higher derivatives we obtain the four-loop beta function using a method based on calculating vacuum supergraphs. For this purpose we use a special C++ program which obtain contributions to the $\beta$-function from supergraphs without external legs in the form of integrals of double total derivatives. After that the result was compared with the three-loop anomalous dimension calculated earlier. We explicitly check the NSVZ relation in this order.Comment: The version accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal