The Differences between Traditional Terrorism and Contemporary Terrorism and its Implications for Global Security

The phenomenon of international terrorism has developed with the development of humanity and the development of means of communications and armament technology. To produce new generations of terrorist organizations that differ in terms of structure, goals, and tactics from the first generations, and with the development of the generations of terrorist organizations, their repercussions have also developed on the various levels, whether on the political, economic, or social levels, and not only on the security and military levels. research question is : What are the differences between traditional terrorism and contemporary terrorism, and what are the repercussions of contemporary terrorism on global security? The study reached the conclusion that: The adaptation of terrorist organizations and their exploitation of the technological development that occurred helped them to increase the harm to societies and humanity as a whole, with losses that exceed the losses of a comprehensive war on all sectors, which requires keeping pace with this development and the adaptation resulting from the performance of contemporary terrorist organizations with an opposite development on the level. Mechanisms to combat terrorism, both military and civilian

CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DATE PALM AGAINST DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY

Objective: Doxorubicin (Dox), an anthracycline antibiotic, has been widely used to treat cancer, principally hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. The administration of Dox is a topic of concern in the medical community, as it frequently related to dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the protective potential of date palm fruit extract on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.Methods: A total of 40 female albino rats were used in this study and classified into four groups including control, date palm fruit extract, Dox, and treated date palm fruit extract groups.Results: Dox produced a significant increase in creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities. It also decreased the activities of cardiac glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase but increase levels of cardiac malondialdehyde and also of urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Myocardial toxicity of Dox also appeared in the elevation of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. Histopathological studies revealed alteration of cardiac tissue structure by Dox. Treatment with date palm fruit extract restored the aforementioned parameters.Conclusion: Date palm fruit exhibits a cardioprotective influence on the heart tissue against toxicity induced by Dox

Abl Kinase Inhibitors from Egyptian Spinach Leaves in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Presenter: Ospanov Meirambekhttps://egrove.olemiss.edu/pharm_annual_posters_2021/1013/thumbnail.jp

Attenuation of Smad, Wnt and E2F Signaling by Egyptian Riverhemp Triterpenes in Leukemia Cells

Presenter: Ospanov Meirambekhttps://egrove.olemiss.edu/pharm_annual_posters_2021/1012/thumbnail.jp

Interleukin biomarkers as predictive tools for lupus nephritis grade and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, particularly the kidneys. Interleukin (IL) biomarkers including IL-10 and IL17/23 axis play an important role in SLE pathogenesis. Objectives: To investigate the predictive value of IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 biomarkers in detecting lupus nephritis (LN) class in SLE cases. Methods: This is a case-control study involving 160 individuals: 100 patients with SLE (80 LN patients who had a recent report of kidney biopsy in the two months prior to the study +20 non renal SLE patients), and 60 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. All participants were subjected to clinical and laboratory studies, as well as the evaluation of their IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 biomarkers. Results: IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 were significantly elevated in SLE patients (p-value < 0.001), especially in cases with high disease activity (p-value < 0.001). Moreover, these biomarkers were considerably higher in LN patients (p-value < 0.001), particularly among class III and IV LN (p-value < 0.001) and in cases with high nephritis activity index (p-value < 0.001). ROC curve analysis revealed precise cutoff points of IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 levels in each renal histopathological class with high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: IL-17, IL-23, and IL-10 biomarkers are higher in SLE patients and are correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). They are more prevalent in individuals with LN, particularly in cases with high activity index and with more aggressive classes (in renal classes III and IV). These biomarkers might function as indicators for detecting LN activity and as predictors of LN class

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

APOE genetic variability in an Egyptian cohort of PD

BackgroundThe apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, encompassing three alleles (ε2, ε3, ε4), is a critical player in lipid metabolism and has been extensively studied for its role in neurodegenerative diseases. This study examines APOE genetic variability and its association with PD in an Egyptian cohort.MethodsA total of 891 participants, including 422 PD patients and 469 healthy controls, were included in this study. APOE genotyping was performed using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) to detect the rs429358 and rs7412 SNPs, which define the APOE alleles. APOE alleles were categorized based on the genotypes into ε2, ε3, and ε4 groups. Clinical assessments of PD patients included age at onset, disease severity (MDS-UPDRS), and demographic factors. Statistical analyses compared APOE distributions between PD and control groups and examined associations with clinical variables.ResultsThe ε3 allele was the most prevalent in the cohort (77.3%), aligning with global and African trends. The ε2 allele was observed in 11.4%, and the ε4 allele in 11.3%, with both frequencies being lower than reported African estimates. The ε3/ε3 genotype was predominant in both PD patients (72.51%) and controls (72.07%). The ε4/ε4 genotype was absent in PD cases and rare among controls (0.64%). No significant association was found between APOE genotypes and PD risk, age at onset, or disease severity.ConclusionOur findings do not support a significant role for APOE in PD susceptibility or severity in Egyptians

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely