Planning a digital marketing agency called maddness marketing

This thesis aims to develop a business plan for a digital marketing agency called “Maddness Marketing”, specialising in short-form content marketing and advertisements like TikTok, YouTube shorts and Instagram reels for real estate agencies. In the literature review, research will be conducted to learn more about this topic, such as the real estate market in Portugal, the impact of social media on the real estate industry in Portugal and the digital market roles in transforming the real estate marketplace in Portugal. The Madness Marketing business aims to attract more national and international clients to invest in the real estate sector in Portugal through the opportunities given by the Portuguese government, such as the Golden Visa and many more mentioned in the literature review section of this thesis paper. By following the guidelines of Madness marketing for future potential clients, we will be able to support them and enable them to make the best decisions to invest in this real estate sector as this firm will contain several benefits that can be taken as an advantage for the clients

Border management and post - 9/11 state security concerns: implications for the Bangladesh-India border

The history of Bangladesh-India border started with the partition in 1947. Bangladesh has inherited the whole India-East Pakistan border as well as the disputes and unresolved issues following her independence on 16 December, 1971. In the pre-9/11 period, organised crime, such as human trafficking, arms trade and illegal trade were major threats for Bangladesh-India border, while terrorism received the highest security concern after the events of 9/11. Visibly, the US has taken the lead in defining terrorism as the utmost threat and shaping security measures in response to the 9/11 attacks. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there is a trend linking the existing 'war on crime' with post-9/11 security concerns. Therefore, there is a gradual merging of societal and state security in response to transnational threats. Similarly, the 9/11 events may also be read as an opportunity to some that gave some already existing ideas, policies and technologies their chance. Besides, the high technology surveillance is not a post-9/11 invention, rather the attacks brought to the surface a number of surveillance trends that had been developing quietly and unnoticed for the previous decade and earlier. Following the US model, all the South Asian states have declared terrorism as their utmost adversary in all regional forums. Hence, they are approving a range of different agreements or safeguard measures. Therefore, a US branded 'risk perception' and 'focus on terrorism' have been transmitted to South Asia. This thesis argues post-9/11 discourses and policies towards Bangladesh- India border, in most cases, are also pushed by different anti-terrorism measures linking existing terrorist concerns with the new threat from Al-Qaeda. In other words, we can explain that 9/11 provided the context for the governments to implement some tough surveillance measures which they had failed to achieve previously. In all of the instances, none of the initiatives are completely new, but are rather a reinforcement of the previously existing surveillance systems. On the contrary, little attention has so far been paid to the resolution of decade's old border disputes and issues. It appears as though the nature of old problems is forgotten while integrating new threats

Life, the Law and the Politics of Abandonment: Everyday Geographies of the Enclaves in India and Bangladesh

This PhD strives to understand what roles politico-spatial-legality play in shaping everyday life in the enclaves located in the northwest borderland curve in the India-Bangladesh border. Conceptually and legally, an enclave is a fragmented territory of one sovereign power located inside another sovereign territory. Following the decolonisation process in 1947, both India and Pakistan/Bangladesh inherited more than 200 enclaves. By investigating an everyday geography of the politico-spatial-legality in Indian and Bangladeshi enclaves, the aim of this thesis is to understand how the long existence of these enclaves shape their residents’ everyday lives. This thesis examines four research questions – i) how do the politico-spatial-legal factors shape citizenship in the enclaves? ii) What role(s) do boundaries perform in everyday life in the enclaves? iii) What are the (il)legal-political vulnerabilities present in the enclaves? And iv) What are the (il)legal survival methods adopted by the enclave residents’? The whole research is based on a seven-month ethnographic account in six enclaves and short visits (one day in each enclave) to another twenty enclaves during the pilot study in India and Bangladesh. The field sites were selected based on enclave size, distance from the border, practice of religion and relationship with the concerned states. The ethnography involved observing mundane events at different periods of time in different segments of the enclaves and nearby borderlands, and participating in local gathering in tea stalls, women’s evening socialisation and other social events. 55 in-depth interviews with the enclave residents and 10 interviews with the state officials were conducted for a detailed understanding of personal experiences and negotiations, and state perspectives on the enclave matter respectively. The thesis reveals that the enclave residents live in a non citizenship status, and the border is experienced in myriad ways in the enclaves constituting politico-juridical, social and gendered forms of bare life. On the other hand, the enclave dwellers find ways of attempting to cope with such circumstances and try to survive and advance their life through the loopholes of the state-system. The approach adopted in this thesis to study enclaves through the framework of politico-spatial-legality interactions is expected to advance enclave research. In addition, the thesis contributes to the academic literatures on citizenship and abandonment, border, bare life and rhythms of survival tactics. At policy level, the thesis can help policy makers understand ground vulnerabilities and difficult lives in the enclaves as there is very little government work available on enclave life

Hyper‐Precarious Lives: Understanding Migration, Global Supply Chain, and Gender Dynamics in Bangladesh

This article examines the lived experiences of precarity in Bangladesh's ready‐made garments (RMG) industry, focusing on female migrant workers employed in Dhaka and surrounding industrial areas. Over the past three decades, the growth of the RMG sector has attracted economically disadvantaged rural women, distancing them from their traditional domestic and agricultural roles. This sector predominantly employs young women due to their perceived flexibility, low wages, and limited union involvement. Additionally, their status as “unskilled” workers in the lowest echelons of a gender‐stratified labour market, along with the influence of socio‐cultural power dynamics, constrains their capacity to negotiate their positions effectively. Drawing on in‐depth ethnographic research conducted in Dhaka and Gazipur, this article unravels the intricate interplay between insecure labour conditions, the impact of the global supply chain, and gender dynamics. It underscores the pivotal significance of socio‐cultural power dynamics in understanding the vulnerability experienced by female migrant labourers. We assert that a comprehensive understanding of precarious work requires recognising the inherent link between precarious employment and precarious life within the broader context of socio‐cultural power dynamics, gender norms, and societal relations

Aspiration and desperation traps in trajectories of physical and social mobility-immobility: Young female migrants in the city

Over the last two decades, Bangladesh has experienced a dramatic shift in terms of female rural–urban migration, often referred to as the feminization of migration. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research on young female migrants’ livelihood experiences in Dhaka and Gazipur, this article makes three contributions to the migration and mobilities literature. First, while migration often constitutes an adequate tool for resolving desperation, it may also cause an aspiration-desperation trap. Secondly, the transformative potential of migration and mobility for changing social relations of class and gender is not always as eff ective as it is argued. Lastly, by focusing on the temporalities of migrants’ circumstances, we argue that migration is a continuous process in which mobility and immobility are deeply entangled

Dhaka Sitting on a Plastic Bomb: Issues and Concerns around Waste Governance, Water Quality, and Public Health

Plastic, an offer of modernity, has become one of the essential parts of our everyday life. However, it is presenting a massive threat in altered forms, to our health and environment. Plastic does not only pollute the surface environment, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, but toxic elements released from plastics also percolate down the surface and contaminate groundwater, which we often use as ‘safe’ drinking water. This probable future risk is deeply rooted in the entire governance infrastructure of plastic waste which could potentially lead to contamination of groundwater. Thus, a state-sponsored ‘safe drinking water’ initiative could contrarily produce a ‘risk society’. A recent study finds 81% of tap water samples collected worldwide contained plastic pollutants, which means that annually we may be ingesting between 3000 and 4000 microparticles of plastic from tap water. Based on review, ethnographic observations and interviews, and lived experience in a plastic-wrapped city (Dhaka), this paper sheds light on the complex interface of plastic, water, and public health, on the relevance of Beck’s ‘risk society’ to understand this complexity, and on replicating the idea of ‘risk society’ in the case of Bangladesh. Through understanding the plastic–groundwater–waste management nexus, this paper highlights and advocates for a new strategy of plastic governance in modern states

Invisible mobilities:Stigma, immobilities, and female sex workers’ mundane socio-legal negotiations of Dhaka’s urban space

Drawing on ethnography, this paper conceptualizes invisible mobilities by exploring the linkages between mobility, invisibility and hotel and residence based sex work in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Since both are illegal in Bangladesh, hotel and residence based sex workers (HRSWs) become targets of the different laws and sex work related social stigma. We show, in this paper, how invisible mobilities is used to strategize and counter-enact against the existing exploitative gendered socio-political-legal regimes and practices involved in sex work. Invisible mobilities refers to the way HRSWs move in order to hide their occupation from society and the law. Invisibility is at the core of all these connections: It enables HRSWs to continue sex work and avoid exclusion from family and members of their communities. While making themselves invisible permits them to continue their daily ways to earn a living, it also reinforces the same social stigma they are constantly trying to avoid. In doing so, this paper reveals the political economy of sex work in the city and provides a new theoretical window to understand the connections between gender, mobility and the city, constructing a bridge between mobility and sex work studies literature

Increased tau phosphorylation on mitogen-activated protein kinase consensus sites and cognitive decline in transgenic models for Alzheimer's disease and FTDP-17: evidence for distinct molecular processes underlying tau abnormalities

Abnormal tau phosphorylation occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Here, we compare mechanisms of tau phosphorylation in mouse models of FTDP-17 and AD. Mice expressing a mutated form of human tau associated with FTDP-17 (tau(V337M)) showed age-related increases in exogenous tau phosphorylation in the absence of increased activation status of a number of kinases known to phosphorylate tau in vitro. In a "combined" model, expressing both tau(V337M) and the familial amyloid precursor protein AD mutation APP(V717I) in a CT100 fragment, age-dependent tau phosphorylation occurred at the same sites and was significantly augmented compared to "single" tau(V337M) mice. These effects were concomitant with increased activation status of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members (extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2, p38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase) but not glycogen synthase kinase-3alphabeta or cyclin-dependent kinase 5. The increase in MAPK activation was a discrete effect of APP(V717I)-CT100 transgene expression as near identical changes were observed in single APP(V717I)-CT100 mice. Age-dependent deficits in memory were also associated with tau(V337M) and APP(V717I)-CT100 expression. The data reveal distinct routes to abnormal tau phosphorylation in models of AD and FTDP-17 and suggest that in AD, tau irregularities may be linked to processing of APP C-terminal fragments via specific effects on MAPK activation status