278 research outputs found
Ordering of small particles in one-dimensional coherent structures by time-periodic flows
Small particles transported by a fluid medium do not necessarily have to
follow the flow. We show that for a wide class of time-periodic incompressible
flows inertial particles have a tendency to spontaneously align in
one-dimensional dynamic coherent structures. This effect may take place for
particles so small that often they would be expected to behave as passive
tracers and be used in PIV measurement technique. We link the particle tendency
to form one-dimensional structures to the nonlinear phenomenon of phase
locking. We propose that this general mechanism is, in particular, responsible
for the enigmatic formation of the `particle accumulation structures'
discovered experimentally in thermocapillary flows more than a decade ago and
unexplained until now
An improvement of the Berry--Esseen inequality with applications to Poisson and mixed Poisson random sums
By a modification of the method that was applied in (Korolev and Shevtsova,
2009), here the inequalities
and
are proved for the
uniform distance between the standard normal distribution
function and the distribution function of the normalized sum of an
arbitrary number of independent identically distributed random
variables with zero mean, unit variance and finite third absolute moment
. The first of these inequalities sharpens the best known version of
the classical Berry--Esseen inequality since
by virtue of
the condition , and 0.4785 is the best known upper estimate of the
absolute constant in the classical Berry--Esseen inequality. The second
inequality is applied to lowering the upper estimate of the absolute constant
in the analog of the Berry--Esseen inequality for Poisson random sums to 0.3051
which is strictly less than the least possible value of the absolute constant
in the classical Berry--Esseen inequality. As a corollary, the estimates of the
rate of convergence in limit theorems for compound mixed Poisson distributions
are refined.Comment: 33 page
Antioxidative Activity of Ferrocenes Bearing 2,6-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Moieties
The antioxidative activity of ferrocenes bearing either 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol or phenyl groups has been compared using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) test and in the study of the in vitro impact on lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate and on some characteristics of rat liver mitochondria. The results of DPPH test at 20Β°C show that the activity depends strongly upon the presence of phenolic group but is improved by the influence of ferrocenyl fragment. The activity of N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethylferrocene (1), for instance, was 88.4%, which was higher than the activity of a known antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (48.5%), whereas the activity of N-phenyl-iminomethylferrocene 2 was almost negligible β2.9%. The data obtained demonstrate that the compounds with 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol moiety are significantly more active than the corresponding phenyl analogues in the in vitro study of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. Ferrocene 1 performs a promising behavior as an antioxidant and inhibits the calcium-dependent swelling of mitochondria. These results allow us to propose the potential cytoprotective (neuroprotective) effect of ditopic compounds containing antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol group and redox active ferrocene fragment
Phase separation in iron chalcogenide superconductor Rb0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 as seen by Raman light scattering and band structure calculations
We report Raman light scattering in the phase separated superconducting
single crystal Rb0.77Fe1.61Se2 with Tc = 32 K. The spectra have been measured
in a wide temperature range 3K -500K. The observed phonon lines from the
majority vacancy ordered Rb2Fe4Se5 (245) antiferromagnetic phase with TN= 525 K
demonstrate modest anomalies in frequency, intensity and halfwidth at the
superconductive phase transition. We identify phonon lines from the minority
compressed Rb{\delta}Fe2Se2 (122) conductive phase. The superconducting gap
with dx2-y2 symmetry is also detected in our spectra. In the range 0-600 cm-1
we observed the low intensive but highly polarized B1g-type background which
becomes well structured under cooling. The possible magnetic or multiorbital
origin of this background has been discussed. We argue that phase separation in
M0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 has pure magnetic origin. It occurs below Neel temperature
when iron magnetic moment achieves some critical magnitude. We state that there
is a spacer between the majority 245 and minority 122 phases. Using ab-initio
spin polarized band structure calculations we demonstrate that compressed
vacancy ordered Rb2Fe4Se5 phase can be conductive and therefore may serve as a
protective interface spacer between the pure metallic Rb{\delta}Fe2Se2 phase
and the insulating Rb2Fe4Se5 phase providing the percolative Josephson-junction
like superconductivity in the whole sample of Rb0.8+xFe1.6+ySe2 Our lattice
dynamics calculations show significant difference in the phonon spectra of the
conductive and insulating Rb2Fe4.Se5 phases.Comment: This paper is devoted to the memory of academician Kirill Borisovich
Tolpygo, prominent Physicist, Teacher and Citizen, who made a great
contribution to the lattice dynamics theory and many other branches of solid
state physic
ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ (Betula verrucosa) ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Pollen has various effects on the human body. In order to study and compare the biological activity of the mature pollen grains of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. we investigated the protein-lipid composition and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of 10 samples from different habitats in the territory of Ukraine and the Slovak Republic. The collection sites are near highways and apartment blocks, as well as a nature reserve, forest and botanical garden. The protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method. A chromatographic analysis of fatty acids from lipids was performed using a βCvet 500β gas chromatograph, equipped with a flame-ionization detector in the isothermal mode. The bioactivity of aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of pollen grains was evaluated by the DPPH free radical scavenging method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) by means spectrophotometry in vitro. The protein content of the pollen of B. verrucosa ranged from 17.9% to 25.6%, depending on the habitat. Unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. The profile of fatty acids indicates a higher content of palmitic (33.9%), oleic (29.5%) and linoleic (27.8%) acids and a low content of arachidonic (0.4%) and pentadecanoic (0.8%) acids. We also established that silver birch pollen is characterized by high antioxidant activity. The measured value of TAA for aqueous pollen extracts was within 74.8β85.5%. For the ethanol extracts it was quantified within 60.3β95.0% and for the methanol extracts β 46.1β92.6%. The Tukey test was used to determine the differences between the means at a level of P < 0.05. A strong correlation coefficient (0.70) was defined between the protein content and the TAA of aqueous extracts. In general, the Ukrainian and Slovak samples of pollen differ in the fatty acid composition of lipids and aqueous and ethanol TAA extracts. Pollen of B. verrucosa should be used for diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic purposes as close as possible to the place of origin.Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ 10 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Betula verrucosa Ehrh. ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² (17,9β25,6%) ΠΈ 8 ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ 14 Π΄ΠΎ 20) Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (58,6%) Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (33,9%), ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (29,5%) ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ (27,8%). ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΒΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ in vitro. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ 10 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Betula verrucosa Ehrh. ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² (17,9β25,6%) ΠΈ 8 ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ 14 Π΄ΠΎ 20) Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (58,6%) Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (33,9%), ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (29,5%) ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ (27,8%). ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΒΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ in vitro. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ« ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π«Π©ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ’Π ΠΠ‘Π‘Π«
The article reviews the methods, used in Russia to determine saturation flow while computing regime of traffic lights regulation for city motor roads. The authors have suggested a new tool of mathematical assessment of the desired quantity in order to achieve better quality of road signal regulation. The proposed method of determination of saturation flow as compared to classical and foreign methods, allows to take into account a larger number of parameters and to achieve a more exact result.The researchers have also tested the innovation model by using it at real street intersection and organized implementation of the study results in the framework of cooperation with municipal administration of the city of Belgorod. The study has shown that the optimum regime of traffic lights operation reduces car delays by 15β25%.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
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