Measuring the Norm of Reciprocity on Data Sharing Practices: A Carrot or Stick Approach?

Based on the theory of the Norm of Reciprocity (NOR), this study is focused on an individual’s data sharing behavior with respect to academic research by investigating their attitude towards data sharing and external funding. A measure was developed for data sharing, and the Adjusted Eisenberger Scale was attuned for measuring the Norm of Reciprocity. The measures were distributed by a random numbers generator to academic researchers at research intensive universities. The results show that NOR does not correlate with data sharing. There was also a negative correlation between scientists’ willingness to share data and external funding. The results are inconsistent with the psychological theory

Modelagem e simulação da microtopografia de superfícies retificadas com ferramentas estruturadas

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica.De forma crescente a retificação é aplicada em processos de desbaste

Singlet-Triplet Excitations in the Unconventional Spin-Peierls System TiOBr

We have performed time-of-flight neutron scattering measurements on powder samples of the unconventional spin-Peierls compound TiOBr using the fine-resolution Fermi chopper spectrometer (SEQUOIA) at the SNS. These measurements reveal two branches of magnetic excitations within the commensurate and incommensurate spin-Peierls phases, which we associate with n = 1 and n = 2 triplet excitations out of the singlet ground state. These measurements represent the first direct measure of the singlet-triplet energy gap in TiOBr, which is determined to be Eg = 21.2 +/- 1.0 meV.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted for publicatio

Aide internationale, politique et développement à Port-Salut : une analyse de la triangulation relationnelle des perspectives locales

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, 2022.Este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva à compreensão das questões relacionadas à ajuda no Haiti com base em circunstâncias pós-catástrofes. Assim, o período de 2010 foi considerado como um ponto de referência para (re)estudar a nova dinâmica gerada pela ajuda internacional em diferentes comunidades haitianas. De fato, Port-Salut constitui um espelho para compreender, descrever e analisar a relação triangular entre ajuda internacional, política e desenvolvimento a partir de perspectivas locais. Como uma área de potencial turístico, oferece a possibilidade de decompor melhor as diferentes formas de cooperação internacional que se seguem. Desta cooperação, que favorece a implementação de numerosos projetos em Port-Salut, nasce todo um fluxo de percepções socioculturais sobre os atores humanitários e a ajuda ao desenvolvimento, as autoridades locais e o Estado em um campo desigual de relações de poder. Além disso, a ajuda é parte de uma dinâmica de polarização que gera uma espécie de clientelismo traduzido por "moun pa m, zòn pa m: minha população, minha área", mobilidade social, exclusão social e a divisão "habitantes da cidade e do campo: moun an deyò ak moun lavil". Finalmente, o texto, estruturado em três capítulos, apresenta e analisa uma contextualização geral da ajuda no Haiti; depois aterrissa no campo de Port-Salut para dissecar as intervenções dos atores da ajuda e sua relação com os atores locais; e finalmente deduz um estudo aprofundado dos diferentes aspectos decorrentes da ajuda neste campo particular.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans la compréhension des enjeux de l’aide en Haïti à partir des conjonctures post-catastrophiques. Ainsi, la période de 2010 a été considérée comme un point de repère pour réétudier les nouvelles dynamiques générées par l’aide internationale dans différentes communautés haïtiennes. En effet, Port-Salut constitue un miroir qui laisse comprendre, décrire et analyser la relation triangulaire existant entre l’aide internationale, la politique et le développement à partir des perspectives locales. En tant qu’une zone de potentielle touristique, elle offre la possibilité de mieux décomposer les différentes formes de coopération internationale qui s’ensuivent. De cette coopération qui favorise l’implémentation de nombreux projets à Port-Salut, nait tout un flux de perceptions socio-culturelles à propos des acteurs humanitaires et l’aide au développement, des Autorités locales et de l’Etat dans un champ inégalitaire et de rapport de force. De plus, l’aide s’inscrit dans une dynamique polarisante qui engendre une sorte de clientélisme traduit par « moun pa m, zòn pa m : ma population, ma zone », la mobilité sociale, l’exclusion sociale et le clivage « citadins et campagnards : moun an deyò ak moun lavil ». Enfin de compte, le texte structuré en trois chapitres présente et analyse d’abord une contextualisation générale de l’aide en Haïti ; ensuite atterrit sur le terrain de Port-Salut pour décortiquer les interventions des acteurs de l’aide et sa relation avec les acteurs locaux ; et au final déduit une étude approfondie des différents aspects découlant de l’aide sur ce terrain particulier

Surveillance for Waterborne-Disease Outbreaks--United States, 1999-2000

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for the occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs).This surveillance system is the primary source of data concerning the scope and effects of waterborne diseases on persons in the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data regarding outbreaks occurring during January 1999-December 2000 and previously unreported outbreaks occurring in 1995 and 1997. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data for outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. The unit of analysis for the WBDO surveillance system is an outbreak, not an individual case of a waterborne disease. Two criteria must be met for an event to be defined as a WBDO. First, \u3e or = 2 persons must have experienced a similar illness after either ingestion of drinking water or exposure to water encountered in recreational or occupational settings. This criterion is waived for single cases of laboratory-confirmed primary amebic meningoencephalitis and for single cases of chemical poisoning if water-quality data indicate contamination by the chemical. Second, epidemiologic evidence must implicate water as the probable source of the illness. RESULTS: During 1999-2000, a total of 39 outbreaks associated with drinking water was reported by 25 states. Included among these 39 outbreaks was one outbreak that spanned 10 states. These 39 outbreaks caused illness among an estimated 2,068 persons and were linked to two deaths. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 22 (56.4%) of the 39 outbreaks; 20 of the 22 identified outbreaks were associated with pathogens, and two were associated with chemical poisoning. Of the 17 outbreaks involving acute gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, one was a suspected chemical poisoning, and the remaining 16 were suspected as having an infectious cause. Twenty-eight (71.8%) of 39 outbreaks were linked to groundwater sources; 18 (64.3%) of these 28 groundwater outbreaks were associated with private or noncommunity wells that were not regulated by EPA. Fifty-nine outbreaks from 23 states were attributed to recreational water exposure and affected an estimated 2,093 persons. Thirty-six (61.0%) of the 59 were outbreaks involving gastroenteritis. The etiologic agent was identified in 30 (83.3%) of 36 outbreaks involving gastroenteritis. Twenty-two (61.1%) of 36 gastroenteritis-related outbreaks were associated with pools or interactive fountains. Four (6.8%) of the 59 recreational water outbreaks were attributed to single cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri. All four cases were fatal. Fifteen (25.4%) of the 59 outbreaks were associated with dermatitis; 12 (80.0%) of 15 were associated with hot tubs or pools. In addition, recreational water outbreaks of leptospirosis, Pontiac fever, and chemical keratitis, as well as two outbreaks of leptospirosis and Pontiac fever associated with occupational exposure were also reported to CDC. INTERPRETATION: The proportion of drinking water outbreaks associated with surface water increased from 11.8% during 1997-1998 to 17.9% in 1999-2000. The proportion of outbreaks (28) associated with groundwater sources increased 87% from the previous reporting period (15 outbreaks), and these outbreaks were primarily associated (60.7%) with consumption of untreated groundwater. Recreational water outbreaks involving gastroenteritis doubled (36 outbreaks) from the number of outbreaks reported in the previous reporting period (18 outbreaks). These outbreaks were most frequently associated with Cryptosporidium parvum (68.2%) in treated water venues (e.g., swimming pools or interactive fountains) and by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (21.4%) in freshwater venues. The increase in the number of outbreaks probably reflects improved surveillance and reporting at the local and state level as well as a true increase in the number of WBDOs. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: CDC and others have used surveillance data to identify the types of water systems, their deficiencies, and the etiologic agents associated with outbreaks and evaluated current technologies for providing safe drinking water and safe recreational water. Surveillance data are used also to establish research priorities, which can lead to improved water-quality regulations. Only the groundwater systems under the influence of surface water are required to disinfect their water supplies, but EPA is developing a groundwater rule that specifies when corrective action (including disinfection) is required. CDC and EPA are conducting epidemiologic studies to assess the level of waterborne illness attributable to municipal drinking water in nonoutbreak conditions. Rules under development by EPA--the Ground Water Rule (GWR), the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR), and Stage 2 Disinfection Byproduct Rules (DBPR)--are expected to further protect the public from contaminants and disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Efforts by EPA under the Beaches Environmental Assessment, Closure, and Health (BEACH) program are aimed at reducing the risks for infection attributed to ambient recreational water by strengthening beach standards and testing; providing faster laboratory test methods; predicting pollution; investing in health and methods research; and improving public access to information regarding both the quality of the water at beaches and information concerning health risks associated with swimming in polluted water. EPA\u27s Beach Watch (available at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/beaches) provides online information regarding water quality at U.S. beaches, local protection programs, and other beach-related programs. CDC partnered with a consortium of local and national pool associations to develop a series of health communication materials for the general public who attend treated recreational water venues and to staff who work at those venues. CDC has also developed a recreational water outbreak investigation toolkit that can be used by public health professionals. All of the CDC materials are accessible at the CDC Healthy Swimming website (http://www.cdc.gov/healthyswimming)

Did a Severe Flood in the Midwest Cause an Increase in the Incidence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?

Severe flooding occurred in the midwestern United States in 2001. Since November 2000, coincidentally, data on gastrointestinal symptoms had been collected for a drinking water intervention study in a community along the Mississippi River that was affected by the flood. After the flood had subsided, the authors asked these subjects (n = 1,110) about their contact with floodwater. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether rates of gastrointestinal illness were elevated during the flood and whether contact with floodwater was associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal illness. An increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the flood was observed (incidence rate ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.58), and this effect was pronounced among persons with potential sensitivity to infectious gastrointestinal illness. Tap water consumption was not related to gastrointestinal symptoms before, during, or after the flood. An association between gastrointestinal symptoms and contact with floodwater was also observed, and this effect was pronounced in children. This appears to be the first report of an increase in endemic gastrointestinal symptoms in a longitudinal cohort prospectively observed during a flood. These findings suggest that severe climatic events can result in an increase in the endemic incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the United States