Windows95: Is it the bargain it was supposed to be?

Whereas a critical mass of computer users has migrated to Windows95, some are still using Windows 3.1 and DOS. There is concern that the benefits of installing Windows95 may not outweigh the costs

Our Prisons, Ourselves: Race, Gender and the Rule of Law

Prison rape is a canard of popular culture. Comedians from Jay Leno to street-corner wiseguys recycle the tired joke: Don\u27t drop the soap, or some big, scary criminal will make you his bitch. This jocular fear is often racialized: A running joke throughout movies concerns the theme in which a very large Black male prisoner threatens a boy... [who may be] raped or \u27punked\u27 by a Mike Tyson-esque character. These jokes reveal one of men\u27s starkest fears about prison: that they will be unmanned or made gay by being sexually assaulted by a big black man

It Could Happen to You : Pay-to-Stay Jail Upgrades

In the jails of Los Angeles County, about 21,000 detainees are held in filthy cells so overcrowded—four men in a cell built for two, six to a four-man cell—that, as federal judge Dean D. Pregerson observed in 2006, inmates must stay in their bunks at all times because there is not enough room for them to stand. These men—ninety percent of whom are pretrial detainees— are held in these conditions twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week, and are typically allowed only a single three-hour exercise period weekly. Other inmates are held for days in a county “reception center” where twenty, thirty-five, or even (according to inmates) up to fifty men are crammed into each 15½ x 12-foot holding cell

It Could Happen to You : Pay-to-Stay Jail Upgrades

In the jails of Los Angeles County, about 21,000 detainees are held in filthy cells so overcrowded—four men in a cell built for two, six to a four-man cell—that, as federal judge Dean D. Pregerson observed in 2006, inmates must stay in their bunks at all times because there is not enough room for them to stand. These men—ninety percent of whom are pretrial detainees— are held in these conditions twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week, and are typically allowed only a single three-hour exercise period weekly. Other inmates are held for days in a county “reception center” where twenty, thirty-five, or even (according to inmates) up to fifty men are crammed into each 15½ x 12-foot holding cell

Systems Dynamics Modeling for Collaboration and Information Sharing on Supply Chain Performance and Value Creation

Collaborations among various parties of the supply chain system are becoming more important in improving performance and creating value. Information sharing plays a vital role in supply chain management. This study proposes a general model for identifying interrelationships among information sharing, collaboration and supply chain performance. Then a systems dynamics approach is used to examine how information sharing and collaboration influence supply chain performance and value creation

Prevalence and risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common cause of daytime sleepiness, a condition associated with accidents, antisocial behaviour, mood disturbances, cognitive dysfunctions and inefficiency at work. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: Multistage random sampling of households was done. Eligible members were interviewed and underwent anthropometric measurements. Epiworth sleepiness scale was used to asses one’s likelihood of daytime sleepiness. OSA was defined as the presence of 2 of the following: symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea, a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/ m² and a total Epworth score≥ 15.Results: A total of 1249 people were involved in the study. Of these, 65.2% were females. Night snoring was reported by 9.3% of the respondents. The prevalence of OSA was 11.5% (144/1249). OSA was significantly more common among females (12.9%) (p = 0.038) than males. OSA prevalence increased significantly with increasing age (p <0.001) and increasing BMI (p- value < 0.001).  Respondents with hypertension, central obesity and those who snored at night significantly presented with high prevalence of OSA, being 26.5%, 34% and 29.3%, respectively (p- value <0.001 for each). OSA was found in 26.3% of diabetics (p= 0.042). The odds of OSA were significantly higher among females, OR (95% CI) = 2.0 (1.2-3.2), among age group 45-54 years, OR (95% CI) = 2.2 (1.1-4.3), among those with central obesity OR (95% CI) = 3.4 (2.1- 5.4) and among night snorers OR (95% CI) = 2.8(1.7-4.6). Socio-economic status, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension and diabetes mellitus could not predict OSA.Conclusions: OSA is prevalent among residents of Dar es Salaam and significantly associated with age 45 years or older, female gender, high socioeconomic status, obesity and overweight and night snoring. Predictors of OSA were female sex, age above 45 years, central obesity, and night snoring. Clinicians should therefore actively look for OSA in patients with these characteristics.

Physical-Chemical Properties, Storage Stability and Sensory Evaluation of Pumpkin Seed Oil

Physico-chemical properties, storage stability and sensory evaluation of pumpkin seed oil was carried out and compared with other vegetable oils commonly used in Tanzania in order to evaluate its potential as an edible oil with the aim of promoting its utilization in rural areas. Pumpkin seeds were collected from different farmers in three villages in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The proximate composition of the seeds was determined using standard methods. Storage stability of the oil was evaluated by monitoring the physicalchemical properties of the oil for 15 weeks following the standard procedures. Acceptability of the oil was determined using a 5 point hedonic scale. Pumpkin seeds contained 34.7%, 15.9%, 3.85% and 44% protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrates, respectively. The specific gravity of the pumpkin seed oil was 0.92; peroxide value 4.6 meq/kg; iodine value 108.4; saponification value 173.0 and acid value of 0.5 mg KOH/g. The pumpkin seed oil was organoleptically acceptable in terms of flavour, taste and odour. The pumpkin seed oil conforms very well with other common edible vegetable oils in Tanzania in terms of physical-chemical properties and sensory evaluation. Farmers should be encouraged to utilize pumpkin seed oil for household consumption.Key words: pumpkin seed oil, sensory acceptabilit

MODIFIABLE FACTORS WITHIN THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) PROGRAMME ASSOCIATED WITH FAILURE TO PREVENT HIV TRANSMISSION IN THE ONANDJOKWE DISTRICT OF NAMIBIA

Family and Emergency Medicine: Family Medicine and Primary Car

Domestic work, sexual abuse, and exploitation in Tanzania

Domestic work is characterized by excessive working hours, extremely low pay or no pay at all, and conditions that make the profession exploitive in many cases. Evidence is emerging that domestic work is a feeder profession for sex work. One study of more than 2,000 commercial sex workers in Ethiopia found that 42 percent were former domestic workers. However, little is known about transitions to commercial sex work or commercial sexual exploitation in Tanzania. The objective of the research detailed in this brief was to expand the understanding of child domestic workers and commercial sex workers/girls who are commercially sexually exploited. It is anticipated that research results will bring greater programmatic attention to the rights and protection of domestic workers and commercial sex workers, enforcement of minimum basic standards related to domestic work, and improved programs to help girls and young women transition into safer and more productive forms of work. This study took place in two districts each of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza, two of the largest cities in Tanzania

The Effects of Perceived Trust and Ease of Use on Adoption of Mobile Marketing in the Telecommunication Industry of Tanzania

This study examines the effects of perceived trust and perceived ease of use on the adoption of mobile marketing in the telecommunications industry of Tanzania. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) it predicts the adoption of mobile marketing in the Telecommunications industry in Tanzania. Survey strategy was employed in data collection, using structured questionnaires and collected data from 5 municipalities, 73 wards and 6 hamlets, by using multi stage sampling of 406 respondents in Dar es Salaam. Quantitative data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Findings indicate that perceived ease of use and perceived trust had positive and significant influence on the adoption of mobile marketing. We provide recommendations to the telecommunications companies to improve their mobile marketing products and services by making better products that are easy to use and trustworthy so as to conform to the needs of their customers