E-Governance Implementation: Challenges of Effective Service Delivery in Civil Service of Nepal

Civil servants are often charged not providing effective services though they have sufficient resources and technological knowhow. The author is trying to explore the challenges of effective service delivery in civil service as implementing e-governance in Nepal. Survey method was used to generate data and adopted quantitative research technique. The study has claimed that Nepal has been facing numerous challenges during service delivery while implementing e-governance. Infrastructure development, human resource development and management, digital divide, are identified as the major challenges. Unnecessary influence of middleman and syndicate created by some hidden groups make government service holdup. Needless expansion of government agencies and its employees; too many layers in decision-making process; more process oriented service delivery rather than result oriented, failure to make individual officials responsible; and a lack of decentralization of necessary authority to the officials are the other challenges

APPROACHES ON SURROGATE METHODS FOR IN-VIVO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY OF FORMULATED BILAYER TABLETS OF DOMPERIDONE AND ITOPRIDE

Objective: This study aims to provide a more efficient pathway for generic drug approval while maintaining the same level of therapeutic equivalence and safety as the reference product. This was based on the equivalence of in-vitro evidence other than through expensive in-vivo equivalence testing. Methods: Biowaiver and IVIVC are surrogate methods for in-vivo bioequivalence studies. The Biowaiver test was done according to WHO, TRS992, 2015 Annex 7, Appendix 1, the recommendation for conducting and assessing comparative dissolution. IVIVC was done by the level A Convolution method. Innovator product was used as Ganaton OD for Itopride and Motilium for Domperidone to perform the comparison testing. Results: The similarity factor (F2) between the test & innovator product of Domperidone at pH 1.2 HCl, Acetate Buffer pH 4.5, and water was 79.51, 68.00, and 58.97 and the dissimilarity factor (F1) was 7.24, 8.05 and 11.01 respectively. From the IVIVC study by level A convolution method of Cmax, AUC, Tmax of Ganaton OD and formulated Itopride were found to be 409.16ng/ml, 5652.28 ngh/ml and 4 hrs. and 252.16ng/ml, 4601.12 ngh/ml and 12 hrs respectively. Conclusion: The F2 limit was 50-100 and F1 was 15 mentioned as per guidelines followed for the biowaiver test which means the formulated domperidone is deemed equivalent to (Motilium) innovator of domperidone.  The predictive error on the AUC of Itopride formulated was found to be 18.59 % which was within the limit of ± 20 % demonstrating the therapeutic range

Hematological finding of Anemia in Pediatric Population

Introduction- Anemia is characterized as an inadequate RBC mass to satisfactorily convey oxygen to peripheral tissues. Hemoglobin is a protein that allows red blood cells to deliver oxygen to other cells in the body. Childhood anemia is one of the most notable healthful issue confronting mothers and children in India. Deficiency anemia is a major health condition worldwide. Objective- To evaluate anemia in pediatric age group (6months to 12years). Method- A retrospective cross- sectional study in male and female child aged from 6months to 12years who were hospitalized in Chacha Nehru hospital associated with M.Y. Hospital, Indore from May2020 to May 2021 Results -Children with a hemoglobin concentration less than 11 g/dL were considered anemic. Conclusion- Appropriate screening and diagnostic testing will permit most instances of iron deficiency to be analyzed at the soonest. Blood indices are fundamental prior to treating children with symptoms of anemia to stay away from undesirable incidental effects

Identification of beagle food taking patterns and protocol for food effects evaluation on bioavailability

Abstract Food is a known primary role to the exposure of the drugs orally administered. Since each animal may have unique food taking pattern and it is difficult to manipulate the food taking to animals, there lacks rationalized protocol for the food effects in pre-clinic study. The objective of this study was to identify the beagle food taking patterns and demonstrate their effects on bioavailability in valsartan. Herein, four types of food taking patterns of beagle were identified via inter-day and intra-day analysis, and named as Persisting, Pulsing, Postponing, Pushing (“4P Modes”), respectively, which were also validated by principal component analysis (PCA). Interestingly, food intake resulted in a reduced area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0–12h), maximum concentration (Cmax) and absorption rate, whilst the reduction varied in “4P Modes” of food taking. General considerations in the design of experiment for food effect to the bioavailability in beagles have been established as: to recognize the food taking patterns in each animal, to confirm the inter-day stability of the food taking behaviors, to trace the food taking patterns in parallel with plasma sampling. In conclusion, the right animals with proper food taking patterns should be assessed and selected for pre-clinic bioavailability evaluations

Optimization of taste-masking on ibuprofen microspheres with selected structure features

The microsphere was a primary particulate system for taste-masking with unique structural features defined by production process. In this article, ibuprofen lipid microspheres of octadecanol and glycerin monostearate were prepared to mask the undesirable taste of ibuprofen via three kinds of spray congealing processes, namely, air-cooling, water-cooling and citric acid solution-cooling. The stereoscopic and internal structures of ibuprofen microspheres were quantitatively analyzed by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT) to establish the relationship between the preparation process and microsphere architectures. It was found that the microstructure and morphology of the microspheres were significantly influenced by preparation processes as the primary factors to determine the release profiles and taste-masking effects. The sphericity of ibuprofen microspheres congealed in citric acid solution was higher than that of other two and its morphology was more regular than that being congealed in air or distilled water, and the contact angles between congealing media and melted ibuprofen in octadecanol and glycerin monostearate well demonstrated the structure differences among microspheres of three processes which controlled the release characteristics of the microspheres. The structure parameters like porosity, sphericity, and radius ratio from quantitative analysis were correlated well with drug release behaviors. The results demonstrated that the exterior morphology and internal structure of microspheres had considerable influences on the drug release behaviors as well as taste-masking effects. Keywords: Ibuprofen microsphere, Spray congealing, Internal structure, Synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomograph

Ultrafine Silver Nanoparticles: Ultrafine Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Cyclodextrin Metal‐Organic Frameworks with GRGDS Functionalization to Promote Antibacterial and Wound Healing Application (Small 27/2019)

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Molecular Mechanism of Loading Sulfur Hexafluoride in γ‑Cyclodextrin Metal–Organic Framework

γ-Cyclodextrin metal–organic framework (γ-CD-MOF) is a new type of highly porous carrier for potential loading of therapeutic or diagnostic gas like sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆). Here, loading of SF₆ into γ-CD-MOF was investigated for its mechanism by molecular simulation and quantitative determination of SF₆ using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR). For the SF₆ loading, γ-CD-MOF was first degassed to remove the air without thermal decomposition or loss of framework crystallinity, then placed in the copper tube, and sealed to adsorb SF₆ under 1.2 MPa and 25 °C for 12 h. The qNMR was employed for the determination of SF₆ loaded in γ-CD-MOF using Span 80 as suspending agent and trifluoroacetic acid as internal standard. Then, the thermodynamic parameters had been estimated. Finally, molecular modeling combining with ¹⁹F NMR spectra was conducted to reveal the status of SF₆ molecules in γ-CD-MOF. The results demonstrated that the content of SF₆ loaded in γ-CD-MOF was 2.67 ± 0.46 wt %. After exposing to the environment of free SF₆ at 0.1 MPa for 10 days, the relative content was 74.7%. It was confirmed that SF₆ preferred to stay in the cavity of γ-CD-MOF cubes rather than in the γ-CD molecular pairs, which was a nonchemical adsorptive process. In conclusion, this research has established qNMR method and molecular simulation to demonstrate SF₆ molecules in γ-CD-MOF and its loading mechanism