Energy Efficient Clustering Based Network Protocol Stack for 3D Airborne Monitoring System

Wireless Sensor Network consists of large number of nodes densely deployed in ad hoc manner. Usually, most of the application areas of WSNs require two-dimensional (2D) topology. Various emerging application areas such as airborne networks and underwater wireless sensor networks are usually deployed using three-dimensional (3D) network topology. In this paper, a static 3D cluster-based network topology has been proposed for airborne networks. A network protocol stack consisting of various protocols such as TDMA MAC and dynamic routing along with services such as time synchronization, Cluster Head rotation, and power level management has been proposed for this airborne network. The proposed protocol stack has been implemented on the hardware platform consisting of number of TelosB nodes. This 3D airborne network architecture can be used to measure Air Quality Index (AQI) in an area. Various parameters of network such as energy consumption, Cluster Head rotation, time synchronization, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) have been analyzed. Detailed description of the implementation of the protocol stack along with results of implementation has been provided in this paper

Organic matter and parathion degradation in flooded soil

The effect of rice straw on parathion degradation in a flooded alluvial soil was investigated. In soils inoculated with an enrichment culture which exhibited an exceptionally high ability to hydrolyze parathion, rice straw amendments inhibited parathion hydrolysis to p-nitrophenol and diethyl thiophosphoric acid. On the other hand, in uninoculated soils, rice straw enhanced the degradation of parathion via nitro reduction. During the enhanced breakdown of parathion in uninoculated soils amended with rice straw, aminoparathion and an unidentified metabolite evidently possessing a P=S bond were detected. Thus, the influence of organic matter on the persistence of parathion in flooded soil is governed by the metabolic pathway involved in the degradation

Foliar sprays of growth regulators and rhizosphere effect in Cajanus cajan Millsp. I. Quantitative changes

Foliar sprays of growth regulators brought forth attendant changes in the rhizosphere of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.). Sprays of NAA boosted up fungi in the rhizosphere, regardless of its concentration and age of the plants. Significant increases in bacterial numbers were recorded in the rhizosphere of 2,4-D-treated plants and this effect was again independent of the concentration employed and the age levels. Gibberellin and MH sprays generally lowered microbial numbers in the rhizosphere. Reductions in microbial numbers with MH sprays were not necessarily apparent when combined with other growth regulators