Metabolic pathways identified to be differentially altered among contrasting residual feed intake (RFI) Charolais heifers.

Metabolic pathways identified to be differentially altered among contrasting residual feed intake (RFI) Charolais heifers.</p

Metabolites identified through ion annotation and further confirmed by standards which were affected (raw-P < 0.05) by residual feed intake class (Low vs High) in beef heifers.

Metabolites identified through ion annotation and further confirmed by standards which were affected (raw-P < 0.05) by residual feed intake class (Low vs High) in beef heifers.</p

Metabolites identified through ion annotation and further confirmed by standards which were affected (raw-P < 0.05) by residual feed intake class (Low vs High) in beef heifers.

High and Low-RFI classes are depicted by black and empty bars, respectively. For leucine and ornithine, only the ion with the highest peak intensity was plotted.</p

Principal component analysis plot score according to residual feed intake class (Low vs. High RFI) of Charolais heifers.

Principal component analysis plot score according to residual feed intake class (Low vs. High RFI) of Charolais heifers.</p

Chemical composition and energy content of the experimental feed (mean ± SD).

Chemical composition and energy content of the experimental feed (mean ± SD).</p

S1 File -

(XLSX)</p

S1 Fig -

Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for residual feed intake (RFI) on the basis of: a) total metabolomic dataset (3,457 ions) or b) only confirmed metabolites (annotation class 1). Score plot, and cross validation values are presented in the top and bottom of each figure panel, respectively. Red and green dots depict Low- and High-RFI, respectively. (JPG)</p

Animal performance and classical plasma blood metabolites across Low vs. High residual feed intake (RFI) heifers.

Data is presented as least square means and standard error of the mean (SEM).</p

AMPK phosphorylation status and total AMPK protein levels in rainbow trout fasted for 10 days and re-fed once and assessed 1 and 24 h after the meal.

<p>Gels were loaded with 20 µg total protein per lane.</p

Effect of intraperitoneal (ip) administration of saline solution alone or containing AICAR (1.2 g·kg⁻¹) or metformin (120 mg·kg⁻¹) on rainbow trout liver ACC phosphorylation status (at serine 79; Western blot analysis).

<p>Fish were fasted (48 h) prior to injection and livers were sampled 2 h after injection. Gels were loaded with 20 µg total protein per lane. Protein and phosphorylation levels were normalized to tissue β-tubulin levels. Results are expressed as means ± s.e.m. (<i>n</i> = 6) and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls comparison test. *Significant difference (<i>α</i><0.05).</p