53 research outputs found
ПОПУЛАЦИОННА ПЛЪТНОСТ НА МАЛКИЯТ ЛЮЦЕРНОВ ЛИСТОВ ХОБОТНИК PHYTONOMUS VARIABILIS HRBST. И ЛЮЦЕРНОВИЯТ ЛИСТОЯД PHYTODECTA FORNICATA BRUGG. ПРИ МНОГОЛИСТНА И ТРИЛИСТНА ЛЮЦЕРНА ВЪВ ВРЪЗКА С АНАТОМИЧНИТЕ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ЛИСТАТА ИМ.
Two alfalfa cultivars - the multifoliolate “Mnogolistna 1” and the trifoliolate “Europe” were investigated for their resistance towards two main alfalfa defoliators Phytonomus variabilis Hrbst., 1795 and Phytodecta fornicata Brugg., 1873. The results of the two year study showed that the population density of both pests was higher in the“Mnogolistna 1” fields. The anatomical study of the leaves showed that multifoliolate alfalfa cultivar has narrower palisade and
spongy parenchyma and thinner leaves and cuticle which make it less resistant to Ph. variabilis and Ph. fornicata.Проучени са популационната плътност и хранителните предпочитания на малкият люцернов листов хоботник
(Phytonomus variabilis Hrbst., 1795) и на люцерновият листояд (Phytodecta fornicata Brugg., 1873) към два сорта
люцерна – многолистният “Многолистна 1” и трилистният “Европа”. Две годишните наблюдения показват по- висока популационна плътност и на двата неприятеля при сорт “Многолистна 1”. Резултатите от анатомичните проучвания на листата показаха по-малка височина на гъбчестия и палисадния паренхим, по-тънки листни петури, а също и формирането на по-тънка кутикула при сорта “Многолистна 1” в сравнение с “Европа”, което
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Essential Oil Yield and Composition of the Balkan Endemic Satureja pilosa Velen. (Lamiaceae)
© 2020 by the authors. Satureja pilosa Velen. senso lato is a Balkan endemic plant that is not well characterized and is found on rocky outcrops of limestone base in Stara Planina (the Balkan Mountains) and the Rhodope Mountains. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of essential oil (EO) content and composition of S. pilosa collected at 33 locations across the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria using advanced statistical methods including cluster analysis. The EO content in dried aboveground biomass varied from 0.52% to 2.03%. More than 21 EO constituents were identified, belonging to the groups of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The monoterpenes were the predominant class, comprising 84.8% to 96.1% of the total EO. Thymol and carvacrol were the major constituents of the phenolic monoterpenoids. Thymol varied from 36.6% to 67.1% and carvacrol varied from 52.4% to 93.0% of the total oil. p‐Cymene also varied widely, from 9.6%–34.0%. There were significant variations between locations and within a location in the EO content and composition. This study identified several chemotypes: (1) thymol and p‐cymene; (2) thymol, p-cymene and γ‐terpinene; (3) carvacrol and p‐cymene; (4) carvacrol, p‐cymene and γ‐terpinene; and (5) carvacrol. This is the first comprehensive study on the endemic plant S. pilosa that identified several chemotypes based on the EO composition. The S. pilosa EO from the five different chemotypes exhibited larvicidal and mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti. The identified chemotypes can be utilized for the development of new varieties with desirable compositions to meet specific industry needs and new mosquito management control products
Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity
The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativaL.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of beta-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5-10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80-120 min DT of nonground material. High delta-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0-5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0-5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80-120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of beta-caryophyllene,alpha-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-beta-farnesene,alpha-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2,beta-bisabolol,alpha-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80-120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120-180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found againstStaphylococcus aureussubsp.aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries
Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: beta-caryophyllene 11-22% and 15.4-29.6%; alpha-humulene 4.4-7.6% and 5.3-11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6-13.7% and 0.2-31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3-5.6% and 1.2-9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production
Hydrodistillation Extraction Kinetics Regression Models for Essential Oil Yield and Composition in \u3ci\u3eJuniperus virginiana, J. excelsa\u3c/i\u3e, and \u3ci\u3eJ. sabina\u3c/i\u3e
The chemical profile and antioxidant capacity of Juniperus virginiana, J. excelsa, and J. sabina essential oil (EO) fractions as a function of time was the subject of this study. The hypothesis was that, capturing EO in sequential timeframes during hydrodistillation would generate fractions containing unique compositions and antioxidant capacity. In J. virginiana, the highest limonene (43%) was found in the 0–5 min oil fraction, with safrole (37%) being highest in the 10–20 and 20–40 min fractions, and elemol (34%) being highest in the 160–240 min fraction. In J. excelsa, α-pinene (34-36%) was the highest in the 0–5 min fraction and in the control (non-stop 0–240 min distillation) oil, limonene (39%) was the highest in the 0–10 min fractions and cedrol (50-53%) was the highest in the 40–240 min fractions. In J. sabina, sabinene (80%) was highest in the 0–3 min fraction. The highest antioxidant capacity of J. virginiana was demonstrated by the 5–10 min fraction; the one in J. sabina by the 3–10 min fraction; and, the one in J. excelsa, by the control. The kinetics regression models that were developed can predict EO composition of the three juniper species eluted at different timeframes. Various industries could benefit from the results from this study
Oil yield and composition of Juniperus oxycedrus L. from Bulgaria and Serbia
Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae) is widely distributed in countries with a Mediterranean climate. The species is known for its large morphological and chemical variation and its debatable taxonomic status. The objective was to compare the essential oil content and composition of J. oxycedrus plants from Bulgaria and Serbia, and secondly, to quantify morphological variations of leaves. Тhe essential oil content in dried juniper leaves varied from 0.059% (Кopaonik, Serbia) to 0.240% (Markovo, Bulgaria). Around 40 EO constituents were identified, belonging to the groups of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and phenylpropanoids. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were the predominant groups of compounds representing 36.8-66.2% of the total oil, with α-pinene, limonene, sabinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene being the major constituents of this group. Overall, α-pinene was the major oil constituent in plants from all locations. The second largest group was the one of sesquiterpenes (sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes), ranging from 19.3 tо 33.6%. There was no significant difference between the mean leaf width of the six combinations of location and tree sex, and the overall mean width was 1.24 mm. However, there was a significant difference between the mean leaf lengths. This study contradicts recent reports that the European populations of J. oxycedrus east of Italy belong to a newly identified species J. deltoides. The same reports claimed that ”the leaf oil of J. deltoides was lower in α-pinene and higher in limonene compared to J. oxycedrus”. In this study, none of the studied populations had a higher concentration of limonene than that of α-pinene. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the flora of the two countries includes indeed J. oxycedrus
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Dataset : Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species
This is an raw data for the manuscript "Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species "This data includes studies on three endemic species of Alkanet, Alkanna (Alkanna primuliflora, A. stribrnyi and A. graeca) from the family Boraginacea, distributed in Bulgaria. We have presented raw data (photographs, chromatograms and graphs) from embryological, genetic and phytochemical studies. The three Alkanna species are Balkan endemics and have a limited distribution on the Balkan Peninsula. The limited distribution of the species is often associated with problems in the reproductive capacity of the species, which is why the embryological examination was performed. The morphological features that distinguish the three species vary, they are unclear, and sometimes transitional forms are observed between the three species, which is why DNA extraction and Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification product analysis were used.
The data included GC of the crude mixtures of alkaloids of Alkanna primuliflora, A. graeca and A. stribrnyi and MS spectra of the identified pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs).
1) For the embryological examination (male and female generative sphere, pollen viability and seed germ) a classical paraffin methodology was applied. For the embryological study, we collected flowers and buds at different stages of development from the three species from different populations. The material was processed according to classical methods and documented with photographic material. The main embryological structures and processes in the male and female generative sphere were established after observations using LM “Olympus” CX2. The microphotographs were made using an “Infinity lite” digital camera 1.4 Mpx. The presented photos are unprocessed and are used to describe the male and female and male generative spheres of the three species. The boards in the article are based on these photos. A description is provided to the attached photos in this document.
2) DNA extraction and Inter-simple sequences repeat (ISSR) amplification product analysis of the collected leaves of the three species and applied ISSR patterns of 15 Alkanna individuals belonging to Alkanna primuliflora (1-5), Alkanna graeca (6-10) and Alkanna stribrnyi 11-15) generated by primers (AC) 8YT (left) and (AG) 10C (right), respectively. The DNA marker is GeneRuler 100 bp plus. Based on statistical data processing (Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and Hierarchical Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in GenALEx software) were conducted to show the genetic relationships among the Alkanna populations on the basis of Nei’s genetic distances. The DNA fragments were visualized under UV light and further analyzed with a video image analyzer (BioImaging Systems, Cambridge, UK).
3) Extraction of plant material and qualitative analysis of alkaloids. From GC-MS Analysis of alkaloids identified from Alkanna primuliflora, A. graeca and A. stribrnyi, chromatograms were used, which were not used in the article. They represent a crude alkaloid mixture of the three species. Based on mass spectral fragmentation with standard reference spectra from the database, alkaloids were identified in all three species
Juniper essential-oil composition and bioactivity as a function of species and sex
There are 10 species of juniper (Juniperus L., Cupressaceae) in the European flora, six of which (J. communis, J. oxycedrus, J. pygmaea, J. sabina, J. sibirica, and J. excelsa) are found in the Flora of Bulgaria. Of these, J. excelsa is monoecious and the other five species are dioecious. The objective of this study was to compare the essential oil (EO) composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities of the male (M) and female (F) plants from the five dioecious species. A secondary objective was to compare extraction methods; Clevenger vs semi-commercial steam distillation on the EO yield, profile, and bioactivity of the juniper species. The concentration of α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, and δ-cadinol was different between the oils of M and F plants within all five species. Male and F plants of J. pygmaea, J. sabina, and J. sibirica had significantly different concentrations of sabinene within the respective species. In some cases, the EO of M and F plants had different antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The extraction method, Clevenger vs semi-commercial steam distillation was also significant on the antioxidant capacity of the EOs within most juniper species. Overall, the EO obtained from the semi-commercial extraction was more consistent within a species with respect to antioxidant capacity compared with the oils obtained using the Clevenger-type extraction. However, the oils obtained via Clevenger extraction showed greater antioxidant capacity within a species compared with those from semi-commercial extraction. In two separate experiments, seven of the juniper oils (J. communis-F, J. communis-M, J. oxycedrus-M, J. pygmaea-F, J. pygmaea-M, J. sibirica-F, and J. sibirica-M) were tested for repellent and insecticidal activities against Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphid) и Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid). All of the tested oils had significant repellent and insecticidal activities against the two aphid species at concentrations of the EO in the solution at 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The results suggest that when reporting EO composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activity of juniper EO, the sex of the tree and the extraction method needs to be indicated along with the species. The results may benefit industry utilizing juniper leaf oil for new product development
Essential Oil Composition of Seven Bulgarian Hypericum Species and Its Potential as a Biopesticide
Hypericum species and especially H. perforatum L. are well known for their therapeutic applications. The present study assessed the essential oil (EO) composition, and antifungal and aphid suppression activity of seven Bulgarian Hypericum species. The EOs were analyzed by GC–MS–FID. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, H. perforatum, H. maculatum, and H. hirsutum were used. Additionally, the EO composition of H. perforatum extracted via hydrodistillation (ClevA) and via commercial steam distillation (Com) were compared. The second experiment compared the EOs of H. perforatum, H. cerastoides, H. rumeliacum, H. montbretii, and H. calycinum (flowers and leaves) extracted via hydrodistillation and collected with n-hexane. Overall, the EO constituents belonged to four classes, namely alkanes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. The main class for compounds in H. maculatum and H. perforatum (section Hypericum) were sesquiterpenes for both experiments except for H. perforatum (Com). Hypericum montbretii (section Drosocarpium) EO had monoterpenes (38.09%) and sesquiterpenes (37.09%) as major groups, while H. hirsutum EO (section Taeniocarpium) contained predominately alkanes (67.19%). Hypericum hirsutum EO contained cedrol (5.04%), found for the first time in Hypericum species. Fatty acids were the main compounds in H. cerastoides (section Campylopus), while monoterpenes were the most abundant class in H. rumeliacum and H. calycinum EOs. α-Pinene and germacrene D were the major EO constituents of all analyzed Hypericum species except for H. hirsutum and H. cerastoides. Hypericum perforatum EO (Com) had significant repellent and insecticidal activity against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (Bird Cherry-oat aphid) and Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid) at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5%. The tested EOs did not show significant activity against selected economically important agricultural fungal pathogens Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Aspergillus sp. The EO of the Hypericum species found in the Bulgarian flora could be utilized for the development of new biopesticides for aphid control
ПОПУЛАЦИОННА ПЛЪТНОСТ НА МАЛКИЯТ ЛЮЦЕРНОВ ЛИСТОВ ХОБОТНИК PHYTONOMUS VARIABILIS HRBST. И ЛЮЦЕРНОВИЯТ ЛИСТОЯД PHYTODECTA FORNICATA BRUGG. ПРИ МНОГОЛИСТНА И ТРИЛИСТНА ЛЮЦЕРНА ВЪВ ВРЪЗКА С АНАТОМИЧНИТЕ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ЛИСТАТА ИМ.
Two alfalfa cultivars - the multifoliolate “Mnogolistna 1” and the trifoliolate “Europe” were investigated for their resistance towards two main alfalfa defoliators Phytonomus variabilis Hrbst., 1795 and Phytodecta fornicata Brugg., 1873. The results of the two year study showed that the population density of both pests was higher in the“Mnogolistna 1” fields. The anatomical study of the leaves showed that multifoliolate alfalfa cultivar has narrower palisade and
spongy parenchyma and thinner leaves and cuticle which make it less resistant to Ph. variabilis and Ph. fornicata.Проучени са популационната плътност и хранителните предпочитания на малкият люцернов листов хоботник
(Phytonomus variabilis Hrbst., 1795) и на люцерновият листояд (Phytodecta fornicata Brugg., 1873) към два сорта
люцерна – многолистният “Многолистна 1” и трилистният “Европа”. Две годишните наблюдения показват по- висока популационна плътност и на двата неприятеля при сорт “Многолистна 1”. Резултатите от анатомичните проучвания на листата показаха по-малка височина на гъбчестия и палисадния паренхим, по-тънки листни петури, а също и формирането на по-тънка кутикула при сорта “Многолистна 1” в сравнение с “Европа”, което
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