USE OF A LOADING DOSE FOR GENTAMICIN IN TREATING SEPSIS IN CRITICALLY ILL NEONATES

In the past decade, progress in neonatology has resulted in the survival of smaller premature infants who are predisposed to sepsis. Gentamicin has been used as a first line agent in the treatment of neonatal sepsis for almost two decades. Neonatal gentamicin regimens which provide appropriate steady-state serum concentrations have been developed based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gentamicin in the neonate. Since the development of these regimens, it has become increasingly clear that early attainment of therapeutic peak serum concentrations (i.e., ≥5 µg/mL) is an important determinant of clinical response. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of a 4.0 mg/kg loading dose of gentamicin for treating sepsis in neonates. For the 26 patients studied, the initial peak serum concentration was ≥5 µg/mL in all 13 patients who received the loading dose but in only 5 of the control group. Three of the 8 patients in the control group who had not achieved a serum concentration of ≥5 µg/mL with the first dose did not achieve a serum concentration of ≥5 µg/mL within 24 hours of initiating therapy. Patients in the control group who did not achieve an initial serum concentration ≥5 µg/mL were those <2500 g and ≤34 weeks gestational age. In the present investigation, the mean Vd (L/kg) was ii0.72 (SD 0.88), 0.62 (SD 0.44) and 0.53 (SD 0.24) for the VLBW, the LBW and the normal birthweight categories respectively. The mean Vd in patients in the normal weight category was significantly smaller than in the VLBW group. However, Vd (L/kg) was not significantly correlated (r=- 0.232, p>0.05) with birthweight. The mean Vd in patients ≤34 weeks gestational age (n=16) (0.67 L/kg, SD 0.13 L/kg) was significantly larger than in infants >34 weeks gestational age (0.52 L/kg, SD 0.10 L/kg). However, there was no significant correlation between Vd and gestational age. The mean kd values in the three body weight categories were significantly different: VLBW 0.044 h-1, (SD 0.011 W I, n=6), LBW 0.07011-1 (SD 0.011511'1, n=10), normal weight 0.104h-1 (SD 0.024h-1, n=10). The kd was positively correlated with birthweight (r=0.788, p=0.0001). Infants ≤34 weeks gestational age had a significantly smaller elimination rate constant (mean 0.064 if% SD 0.022 h-1, n=16) than did infants >34 weeks gestational age (mean 0.092 h.% SD 0.024 h.% n=10). Results of this study indicate that a loading dose of 4 mg/kg would be most beneficial in younger, smaller infants; it would provide little additional benefit to normal birthweight infants delivered at term. However, safe use of a loading dose must also be linked to choice of appropriate dosing intervals

Smart Home and Artificial Intelligence as Environment for the Implementation of New Technologies

The technologies of a smart home and artificial intelligence (AI) are now inextricably linked. The perception and consideration of these technologies as a single system will make it possible to significantly simplify the approach to their study, design and implementation. The introduction of AI in managing the infrastructure of a smart home is a process of irreversible close future at the level with personal assistants and autopilots. It is extremely important to standardize, create and follow the typical models of information gathering and device management in a smart home, which should lead in the future to create a data analysis model and decision making through the software implementation of a specialized AI. AI techniques such as multi-agent systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic will form the basis for the functioning of a smart home in the future. The problems of diversity of data and models and the absence of centralized popular team decisions in this area significantly slow down further development. A big problem is a low percentage of open source data and code in the smart home and the AI when the research results are mostly unpublished and difficult to reproduce and implement independently. The proposed ways of finding solutions to models and standards can significantly accelerate the development of specialized AIs to manage a smart home and create an environment for the emergence of native innovative solutions based on analysis of data from sensors collected by monitoring systems of smart home. Particular attention should be paid to the search for resource savings and the profit from surpluses that will push for the development of these technologies and the transition from a level of prospect to technology exchange and the acquisition of benefits.The technologies of a smart home and artificial intelligence (AI) are now inextricably linked. The perception and consideration of these technologies as a single system will make it possible to significantly simplify the approach to their study, design and implementation. The introduction of AI in managing the infrastructure of a smart home is a process of irreversible close future at the level with personal assistants and autopilots. It is extremely important to standardize, create and follow the typical models of information gathering and device management in a smart home, which should lead in the future to create a data analysis model and decision making through the software implementation of a specialized AI. AI techniques such as multi-agent systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic will form the basis for the functioning of a smart home in the future. The problems of diversity of data and models and the absence of centralized popular team decisions in this area significantly slow down further development. A big problem is a low percentage of open source data and code in the smart home and the AI when the research results are mostly unpublished and difficult to reproduce and implement independently. The proposed ways of finding solutions to models and standards can significantly accelerate the development of specialized AIs to manage a smart home and create an environment for the emergence of native innovative solutions based on analysis of data from sensors collected by monitoring systems of smart home. Particular attention should be paid to the search for resource savings and the profit from surpluses that will push for the development of these technologies and the transition from a level of prospect to technology exchange and the acquisition of benefits

Effect of spin on electron motion in a random magnetic field

We consider properties of a two-dimensional electron system in a random magnetic field. It is assumed that the magnetic field not only influences orbital electron motion but also acts on the electron spin. For calculations, we suggest a new trick replacing the initial Hamiltonian by a Dirac Hamiltonian. This allows us to do easily a perturbation theory and derive a supermatrix sigma model, which takes a form of the conventional sigma model with the unitary symmetry. Using this sigma model we calculate several correlation functions including a spin-spin correlation function. As compared to the model without spin, we get different expressions for the single-particle lifetime and the transport time. The diffusion constant turns out to be 2 times smaller than the one for spinless particles.Comment: 7 pages, revtex, result of the spin correlation function corrected, Appendix adde

A human rights approach to liability for space damage

The purpose of the research: to identify the areas of optimization of legal regulation of liability for space damage on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of international acts and legislation of foreign countries. Methods of research: To achieve the purpose of the study were used general and specific scientific (special). Among the latter, particular attention is paid to the use of the system approach and the comparative method. Results: At present, there are no studies in the Ukrainian legislation and legal science aimed at the comprehensive study of the issues of space law in the context of human rights. That is, the problem of the relationship between space law and human rights in the Ukrainian context is still not sufficiently investigated. However, for Ukraine, which is a "launching state" in the sense of international law, this issue is relevant. The study is one of the first attempts to study the issues of space law in the context of human rights, especially environmental ones. Therefore, the article focuses on the international legal aspects of liability for damage to human ecological rights, which can be caused by space objects. Discussion: The authors offer ways to optimize the legal regulation of liability for damage to human ecological rights, which can be caused by space objects and emphasize the peculiarities of responsibility "launching countries" in the context of protecting environmental human rights

Regarding the correctness of the translation in the educational support of law enforcement agencies

Тези науково-педагогічних працівників, аспірантів та здобувачів вищої освітиRegarding the translation of the names of certain types of legal activity, the most nuances in practice arise regarding the correct translation of the terms «адвокат» (advokat) and «прокурор» (prokuror). At the same time, the main attention should be paid not to the philological literature, which provides a linguistic interpretation of a term, but directly to the texts of regulations in English and the official websites of certain officials. In this case, it is the legal interpretation of a position or procedural role that is decisive for the correct translation and further enforcement. In this context, it should be no