OIL SPILL ALONG THE TURKISH STRAITS SEA AREA; ACCIDENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND PROTECTION

The Turkish Straits Sea Area (TSSA) is a long water passage that is consisted of the Sea of Marmara, an inland sea within Turkey's borders, and two narrow straits connected to neighboring seas. With a strategic location between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and dominated by the continental climate, the region hosted many civilizations throughout the centuries. This makes the region among the busiest routes in the world, with sea traffic three times higher than that in the Suez Canal. The straits are the most difficult waterways to navigate and witnessed many hazardous and important collisions and accidents throughout history. In addition, this area has vital roles as a biological corridor and barrier among three distinctive marine realms. Therefore, the region is rather sensitive to damages of national and international maritime activities, which may cause severe environmental problems. This book addresses several key questions on a chapter basis, including historical accidents, background information on main dynamic restrictions, oil pollution, oil spill detection, and clean-up recoveries, its impacts on biological communities, socioeconomic aspects, and subjects with international agreements. This book will help readers, public, local and governmental authorities gain a deeper understanding of the status of the oil spill, mostly due to shipping accidents, and their related impacts along the TSSA, which needs precautionary measures to be protected.CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS AND REGULATIONS Remarkable Accidents at the Istanbul Strait Hasan Bora USLUER and Saim OĞUZÜLGEN …………………………………...... 3 History of Regulations before Republican Era along the Turkish Straits Sea Area Ali Umut ÜNAL …………………………………………………………………….. 16 Transition Regime in the Turkish Straits during the Republican Era Osman ARSLAN ……….……………………………………………………….……26 26 The Montreux Convention and Effects at Turkish Straits Oktay ÇETİN ………………………………………………………………….…….. 33 Evaluation of the Montreux Convention in the Light of Recent Problems Ayşenur TÜTÜNCÜ ………………………………………………………………… 44 A Historical View on Technical Developments on Ships and Effects of Turkish Straits Murat YAPICI ………………………………………………………………………. 55 CHAPTER II - GEOGRAPHY, BATHYMETRY AND HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Geographic and Bathymetric Restrictions along the Turkish Straits Sea Area Bedri ALPAR, Hasan Bora USLUER and Şenol AYDIN ……………………..…… 61 Hydrodynamics and Modeling of Turkish Straits Serdar BEJİ and Tarkan ERDİK ………………………………………………….… 79 Wave Climate in the Turkish Sea of Marmara Tarkan ERDİK and Serdar BEJİ …………………………………………………..… 91 CHAPTER III - OIL POLLUTION, DETECTION AND RECOVERY Oil Pollution at Sea and Coast Following Major Accidents Selma ÜNLÜ ……………………………………………………………………….101 Forensic Fingerprinting in Oil-spill Source Identification at the Turkish Straits Sea Area Özlem ATEŞ DURU ……………………………………………………………… 121 xi Oil Spill Detection Using Remote Sensing Technologies-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) İbrahim PAPİLA, Elif SERTEL, Şinasi KAYA and Cem GAZİOĞLU ……..……. 140 The Role of SAR Remote Sensing to Detect Oil Pollution and Emergency Intervention Saygın ABDIKAN, Çağlar BAYIK and Füsun BALIK ŞANLI ……….….……….. 157 Oil Spill Recovery and Clean-Up Techniques Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………… 176 Turkish Strait Sea Area, Contingency Planning, Regulations and Case Studies Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………... 188 Dispersant Response Method to Incidental Oil Pollution Dilek EDİGER, Leyla TOLUN and Fatma TELLİ KARAKOÇ ………………….... 205 CHAPTER IV - THE EFFECTS / IMPACTS OF OIL SPILL ON BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES – INCLUDING SAMPLING AND MONITORING Marine Microorganisms and Oil Spill Sibel ZEKİ and Pelin S. ÇİFTÇİ TÜRETKEN …………...………………………… 219 Estimated Effects of Oil Spill on the Phytoplankton Following “Volgoneft-248” Accident (Sea of Marmara) Seyfettin TAŞ ………………………………..…………………………………….... 229 Interactions between Zooplankton and Oil Spills: Lessons Learned from Global Accidents and a Proposal for Zooplankton Monitoring İ. Noyan YILMAZ and Melek İŞİNİBİLİR ……………………………………..….. 238 The Effects of Oil Spill on the Macrophytobenthic Communities Ergün TAŞKIN and Barış AKÇALI …………………………….…………….……. 244 Potential Impacts of Oil Spills on Macrozoobenthos in the Turkish Straits System Güley KURT-ŞAHİN …………………………………………………………….… 253 The Anticipated Effects of Oil Spill on Fish Populations in Case of an Accident along the Turkish Straits System – A review of Studies after Several Incidents from the World M. İdil ÖZ and Nazlı DEMİREL …………………………………………………….261 Estimated Impacts of an Oil Spill on Bird Populations along the Turkish Straits System Itri Levent ERKOL …………………………………………………………….…… 272 The Effect of Oil Spills on Cetaceans in the Turkish Straits System (TSS) Ayaka Amaha ÖZTÜRK ………………………………………………………….. 277 Changes in the Ichthyoplankton and Benthos Assemblages following Volgoneft-248 Oil Spill: Case Study Ahsen YÜKSEK and Yaprak GÜRKAN …………………………………….……. 280 Assessing the Initial and Temporal Effects of a Heavy Fuel Oil Spill on Benthic Fauna Yaprak GÜRKAN, Ahsen YÜKSEK ………………………………………..…….. 287 CHAPTER V - SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Socio-economic Aspects of Oil Spill Özlem ATEŞ DURU and Serap İNCAZ ……………………………………….…… 301 Effects of Oil Spill on Human Health Türkan YURDUN ………………………………………………………………..…. 313 Crisis Management of Oil Spill, A Case Study: BP Gulf Mexico Oil Disaster Serap İNCAZ and Özlem ATEŞ DURU …………………………….………….……324 CHAPTER VI - CONVENTIONS RELATING TO PREVENTION OF OIL SPILL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil (OILPOL), 1954 and its Situation Related with Turkey Emre AKYÜZ, Metin ÇELİK and Ömer SÖNER …………………………...……... 334 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto and by the Protocol of 1997 (MARPOL) Özcan ARSLAN, Esma UFLAZ and Serap İNCAZ ………………………….……. 342 Applications of MARPOL Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Emre AKYÜZ, Özcan ASLAN and Serap İNCAZ ………………………………… 356 Ship Born Oil Pollution at the Turkish Straits Sea Area and MARPOL 73/78 Duygu ÜLKER and Sencer BALTAOĞLU………………………….…………….. 363 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION 1969) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Şebnem ERKEBAY ……………………………….……………………………….. 371 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) 1990 and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Kadir ÇİÇEK ………………………………………………………………………. 381 Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol) and its Effects in Turkey Aydın ŞIHMANTEPE and Cihat AŞAN ……………….…………………………. 392 The International Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE) 1989 Related with Oil Spill in Turkey İrşad BAYIRHAN ……………………………………….………………..……….. 408 CHAPTER VII - CONVENTIONS COVERING LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION RELATED WITH OIL SPILL International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969 and its Applications Serap İNCAZ and Pınar ÖZDEMİR ……………………………………..………… 416 1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND 1992) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Ali Umut ÜNAL and Hasan Bora USLUER …………………………….………… 424 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996 (and its 2010 Protocol) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey Bilun ELMACIOĞLU ……………………………………………………………… 437 Bunkering Incidents and Safety Practices in Turkey Fırat BOLAT, Pelin BOLAT and Serap İNCAZ …………………………………... 447 "Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007" and its Effects on Turkey Şafak Ümit DENİZ and Serap İNCAZ ……………………….……………………. 457

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Surficial Sediments from Lake Iznik (Turkey): Spatial Distributions and Sources

The concentrations of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined from 28 sediment samples taken from the Lake Iznik located in the north-west area in Turkey. The total concentration of the PAHs was observed as in the range of 17–835 ng g−1 dry weight, with the highest values, recorded offshore the cities of Iznik and Orhangazi, and the Sölöz creek. According to the molecular indices, contamination of the PAHs in the lake was a mixture of the atmospheric input of high-temperature pyrolytic processes and the petrogenic sources transported by the creeks. Further, the higher proportion of high molecular-weight PAHs (>85%) suggests the domination of combustion-related sources. Compared to the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for PAHs, there are no harmful biological effects on the short term to aquatic life.The Research Fund of Istanbul University; Grants YFK-423 and UDP-655

Coexistence of Parotic Warthin Tumor and Oncocytic Ductal Cyst in the Larynx

Warthin tumor is one of the common benign tumors of the parotid gland. Its incidence comes in second place after pleomorphic adenoma. Histologically, Warthin tumor is a benign salivary gland tumor surrounded by capsule and containing oncocytic epithelium and lymphoid stroma. The incidence of oncocytic lesions in laryngeal biopsies is 0.5-1%. They are often seen in the parotid gland in the head and neck region. This case is presented due to the association with Warthin tumor located in parotid gland and rare oncocytic cyst of larynx in a 57-year-old male patient

Content analysis of organizational citizenship behavior studies conducted in the health field in Turkey

Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı birçok meslek grubunda araştırma konusu olmuş bir örgütsel davranıştır. Bu içerik analizi, sağlık alanında örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı konu alan bir doktora tezi için alt yapı oluşturmak için planlanmış olup, Türkiye’ de 2000-2020 yılları arasında sağlık sektöründeki örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı konusunda yapılan tez çalışmalarının ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi ve uygulayıcılara genel bir analiz sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanına kayıtlı 2000-2020 yılları arasında sağlık alanında yapılan örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı konulu lisansüstü tezler taranmıştır. Toplamda belirlenen kritere uyan Türkiye’de yapılmış ve erişime açık 49 lisansüstü tez incelenmiştir. Tezlerden toplanan veriler excel programına aktarılarak çözümlemesi yapılmış ve tablolar haline getirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada elde edilen verilere göre sağlık alanında örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı konusunun daha çok yüksek lisans tezlerinde çalışıldığı (%87,75), konunun 2011-2015 yılları arasında daha fazla çalışıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Örgütsel vatandaşlıkla demografik değişkenler, örgütsel adalet, örgütsel güven, psikolojik sermaye kavramlarının daha çok ilişkilendirildiği, Podsakoff ve MacKenzie (1990) tarafından geliştirilen ölçeğin sıklıkla tercih edildiği, en çok nicel yöntemlerin tercih edildiği ve geçerlilik analizinin çoğunlukla yapılmamasına rağmen güvenilirlik analizinin çoğu tezde yapıldığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Lisansüstü tezlerde analiz yöntemi olarak daha sıklıkla korelasyon, regresyon, t testi ve ANOVA testlerinin kullanıldığı, örneklem grubuna çoğunlukla tüm hastane personelinin dahil edildiği, hemşire grubu ve sağlık çalışanlarının tümünün yine daha çok örneklem grubu olarak seçildiği tespit edilmiştir.Organizational citizenship behavior is an organizational behavior that has been the subject of research in many occupational groups. This content analysis, in the health field is planned to build the infrastructure for a doctoral thesis on organizational citizenship behavior subject area, Turkey from 2000-2020 years to include examining in detail the thesis study on organizational citizenship behavior in the health sector and practitioners aimed to present an overall analysis. For this purpose, the graduate theses on organizational citizenship behavior in the field of health between 2000-2020, which were registered in the database of YÖK National Thesis Center, were scanned. In total, matching the specified criteria, made in Turkey and open access 49 graduate theses were examined. The data collected from the theses were transferred to the Excel program, analyzed and turned into tables. According to the data, it was determined that the topic of organizational citizenship behavior in the field of health was studied the most in the most between 20112015 and master's theses (87.75%), and demographic variables are most frequently associated with the concepts of organizational justice, organizational trust, psychological capital, the scale developed by Podsakoff and MacKenzie (1990) is frequently preferred, quantitative methods are the most preferred. It was determined that correlation, regression, t test and ANOVA tests were used more frequently as analysis methods in postgraduate theses, mostly all hospital personnel were included in the sample group, and all of the nurse group and healthcare professionals were frequently selected as the sample group

Simkania negevensis: Is it a real respiratory pathogen?

Simkania negevensis, a recently discovered Chlamydia-like organism, has been associated with respiratory infections such as pneumonia, bronchiolitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in children and adults. The aim of the present study was to evaluate S. negevensis in the etiology of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia, bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation in our region. Overall, 102 patients and 46 healthy controls were included in the study. S. negevensis was investigated by real time PCR (Primer Design, UK) in nasopharyngeal swab samples. It failed to be detected in either the study or control group. In conclusion, our results suggest that S. negevensis is not an important respiratory pathogen in our region

Acute Supramaximal Exercise-Induced Adiponectin Increase in Healthy Volunteers: Involvement of Natriuretic Peptides

Exercise may modulate lipolysis via leading to natriuretic peptide secretion and beta-adrenergic activation. Adiponectin, an adipose-secreted multifunctional signaling protein, may be the missing link between exercise and lipolytic activity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of supramaximal exercise on plasma levels of adiponectin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in healthy humans. Thirty-one healthy young adult volunteers (male/female, 15/16; mean age±SD, 20.7±1.7 years) underwent a 30-second Wingate anaerobic exercise test on a cycle ergometer and venous blood sampling before and after the exercise test. Plasma ANP and BNP levels were assayed by radioimmunoassay, whereas adiponectin levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, hematocrit levels and blood lactate were also measured before and after exercise. The mean plasma adiponectin level significantly increased following a 30-second anaerobic exercise test compared to resting level (17.45±4.70 vs 31.29±5.16 μg/mL, respectively, p<0.001). The mean plasma ANP and BNP levels remained comparable before and after the 30-second anaerobic exercise. A 30-sec supramaximal exercise session enhanced circulating adiponectin levels in both gender groups, whereas ANP and BNP levels exerted non-significant alterations. We suggest that acute anaerobic exercise may affect secretory function of adipose tissue which seems not related with natriuretic peptide secretion

The Role of EREG, PTPN1, and SERPINB7 Genes in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: May SERPINB7 Be Protective and a Marker of Severity for Psoriasis?

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disease with complex pathogenesis in which many immune system cells, including keratinocytes, play a role. Many genes regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes and other immune cells that have essential roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.The expressions of EREG, PTPN1, and SERPINB7 genes were shown as upregulated in psoriatic skins in a few studies previously. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the expressions of these genes in psoriatic lesional skin and com-pared them with non-lesional adjacent skin of the same patients and normal skin of healthy controls. Results: Our results revealed that the expressions of EREG and PTPN1 genes were upregulated,whereas the SERPINB7 gene expression was down regulated in the psoriatic skin of the patients than normal skin of controls. Moreover, the expression level of the SERPINB7 gene was also negatively correlated with the severity of the disease among patients. Conclusions: According to our results, overexpression of EREG and PTPN1 genes, and decreased expression of SERPINB7 gene may lead to the development of psoriasis

Patient use of complementary and alternative medicine for psoriasis vulgaris and factors believed to trigger the disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study with 1621 patients

Introduction: Due to the chronic recurrent nature of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and lack of definitive treatment for the disease, patients often resort to alternative treatments. Physicians seem to have low awareness of this issue. Objectives: To elicit the perceptions of 1,621 PV patients on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and examine factors reported to worsen PV. Methods: The patients sociodemographic characteristics, Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), disease duration, and severity were recorded, and the patients CAM use was questioned in detail. The patients were also asked about factors that worsened PV and their experiences with a gluten-free diet. Results: Of the patients, 56.51% had used CAM. The mean age, illness duration, PASI scores and DLQI of those using CAM were significantly higher. CAM use was significantly higher in those with facial, genital involvement, and arthralgia/arthritis. The patients mostly referred to CAM when PV became severe (46.4%). Of the CAM users, 45.52% used herbal topicals. The physicians of 67.03% did not inquire whether they used CAM. Of the participants, 37.73% considered that stress worsened their disease. Gluten-free diet did not affect PV symptoms in 52.22%. Conclusions: Patients CAM use is often overlooked by dermatologists. Our results showed that more than half the patients used CAM and did not share this information with their physicians. Therefore, the awareness of physicians should be increased and patients should be asked about the use of CAM and directed to the appropriate medical treatment options by physicians

Intersexuality (khunthā): The Third Gender in Islamic and German Legal Conceptions

Intersexuality becomes more and more important for the world population. People born with both biological sexes – male and female – need more attention in their daily life. Some of them decide to undergo a sexual reassignment surgery, others decide to live in their body with both genders. There are many obstacles preventing them from being fully accepted by the society they live in. On the one hand the social difficulties are crucial, on the other hand the medical side of this problem is also very problematic, because the probability of choosing the ‘wrong’ gender is very high. The consequences are often irreversible. Many countries, like Germany, have started to regulate intersexuality in their laws. Even in religious debates, like in the Islamic law, intersexuality is widely discussed. In this paper intersexuality is explained from the medical side, the religious Islamic side and lastly from the legal side as far as German law is concerned