Inversion of normal mode frequencies for estimation of lateral heterogeneity of the earth's elasticity atructure: A numerical test

An investigation was made on effect of lateral heterogenity of the earth's elasticity structure on the normal mode frequencies. The lateral heterogeneity is expressed by an expansion of spherical harmonic functions, Pιm(cosθ)sinmΦ and Pιm(cosθ)cosmΦ, up to the second order harmonics (ι≤2). Free oscillation freguencies of the heterogeneous earth were computed by the xyz algorithm. Further we derived an analytic expression of partial derivatives of eigenfrequency with respect to the expansion coefficients, and performed a numerical test to verify whether or not it is possible to estimate the heterogeneity of the earth's structure by the inversion of noemal mode frequencies. When the earth is assumed to be elastically isotropic spheroid with short polar and long equatorial radii, frequency spectra affected by longitudinal heterogeneity terms, Pιm(cosθ)(sinmΦ, cosmΦ) (m≠ 0), for given values of ι and m coincide with each other, because these two terms describe the same heterogeneity when the earth is rotated by π/2m around rotation axis. In such a case, we cannot determine accurately the expansion coefficients of tha two heterogeneity terms by inversion of normal mode frequencies, whereas the coefficients of the latitudinal heterogeneity Pι0(cosθ) can be precisely determined. Therefore it is difficult to estimate of lateral heterogeneity of the earth's elasticity structure by the inversion of normal mode frequencies

Surgical Treatment for Biliary Carcinoma Arising After Pancreatoduodenectomy

The clinicopathological features and surgical treatment of biliary carcinoma around the major hepatic duct confluence arising after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) due to initial bile duct carcinoma are described in three patients. Occurrence of biliary carcinoma more than 12 years after initial surgery and a histological finding of cholangiocellular carcinoma mixed with hepatocellular carcinoma suggested metachronous incidence of biliary carcinoma after PD. Extended right hemihepatectomy with complete removal of the residual extrahepatic bile duct and segmental, resection of the jejunal loop were carried out safely without operative death or severe postoperative complications. Two patients died of tumor recurrence 6 months after surgery, and the remaining patient is currently living a normal life without evidence of recurrence 17 months after surgery. These surgical procedures are a therapeutic option in patients with biliary carcinoma around the major hepatic duct confluence arising after PD

Structure and non-blocking properties of bidirectional unfolded two-stage switches

Two-stage switch networks are an emerging design option for relatively small-capacity space switches. They are classified into two categories: folded and unfolded. Although folded switches have been well studied, research on unfolded two-stage switch networks (UTSNs) remains limited. Here, non-blocking UTSNs are considered. First, a new UTSN design is presented that consists of input and output switch modules (ISMs and OSMs) using bidirectional switching techniques. The proposed UTSN is represented by B(n, m, r), where n, m, and r denote the number of input ports of the ISM, number of OSMs, and number of ISMs, respectively. Second, the maximum number of rearrangements for B(n, n, r) is proved to be L(r-1)/2(n-1) RIGHT FLOOR in general, whereas it is limited to two when n >= r. The strictly non-blocking condition for B(n, m, r) to be m >= n + 1 is also determined. Finally, it is shown that the switch hardware complexity becomes minimal at n=N/2 and saturates at N-2/2 as N -> infinity

Molecular characterization of the β chain of the murine interleukin 5 receptor

Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietlc cells Including B cells and eosinophlls. The murine IL-5 acts on target cells via an IL-5 specific high-affinity receptor (Kd ≃ 150 pM) that has been proposed to be composed of at least two membrane polypeptide chains. The p60 component recognized by anti-murine IL-5 receptor mAbs H7 and T21 binds IL-5 with low affinity (Kd ≃ 10 nM). The other component is p130, detectable by following cross-linking experiments with IL-5. Using H7, T21, and R52.120 mAbs specific to murine IL-5 receptor, we characterized the molecular nature of the p130 of the high affinity receptor for murine IL-5. R52.120 mAb did not recognize the IL-5 binding recombinant p60 expressed on COS7 cells, but reacted with p130/140 on IL-5-dependent cell lines. R52.120 mAb showed partial inhibition of the IL-5-induced proliferation of the IL-5-dependent early B cell line Y16 at high IL-5 concentrations. Addition of R52.120 mAb together with H7 or T21 mAb caused more striking inhibition of the IL-5-dependent proliferation than that caused by either of them alone. R52.120 mAb down-regulated the number and dissociation constant of IL-5 binding sites with high affinity without affecting the levels of these with low-affinity. It also preferentially inhibited the formation of the cross-linked complex of p130 with radlolabeledIL-5. These results Indicate that p130/p140, recognized by R52.120 mAb, Is indispensable, together with p60, for the formation of high affinity IL-5 receptor. We propose to designate p60 and p130/p140 as the α and β chain of IL-5 receptor, respectivel

A Swallowing Decoder Based on Deep Transfer Learning: AlexNet Classification of the Intracranial Electrocorticogram

Electronic version of an article published as International Journal of Neural Systems, 31(11), 2021, 2050056. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129065720500562 © 2021 World Scientific Publishing Company. https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/ijnsTo realize a brain-machine interface to assist swallowing, neural signal decoding is indispensable. Eight participants with temporal-lobe intracranial electrode implants for epilepsy were asked to swallow during electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording. Raw ECoG signals or certain frequency bands of the ECoG power were converted into images whose vertical axis was electrode number and whose horizontal axis was time in milliseconds, which were used as training data. These data were classified with four labels (Rest, Mouth open, Water injection, and Swallowing). Deep transfer learning was carried out using AlexNet, and power in the high-γ band (75-150Hz) was the training set. Accuracy reached 74.01%, sensitivity reached 82.51%, and specificity reached 95.38%. However, using the raw ECoG signals, the accuracy obtained was 76.95%, comparable to that of the high-γ power. We demonstrated that a version of AlexNet pre-trained with visually meaningful images can be used for transfer learning of visually meaningless images made up of ECoG signals. Moreover, we could achieve high decoding accuracy using the raw ECoG signals, allowing us to dispense with the conventional extraction of high-γ power. Thus, the images derived from the raw ECoG signals were equivalent to those derived from the high-γ band for transfer deep learning