Comparison of Language Models by Stochastic Context-Free Grammar, Bigram and Quasi-Simplified-Trigram

In this paper, we investigate the language models by stochasic context-free grammar (SCFG), bigram and quasi-trigram. For calculating of statistics of bigram and quasi-trigram, we used the set of sentences generated randomly from CFG that are legal in terms of semantics. We compared them on the perplexities for their models and the sentence recognition accuracies. The sentence recognition was experimented in the "UNIX-QA" task with the vocabulary size of 521 words. From these results, the perplexities of bigram and quasi-trigram were about 1.6 times and 1.3 times larger than the perplexity of CFG that corresponds to the most restricted grammar (perplexity=10.0), and the perplexity of SCFG is only about 1/2 of CFG. We realized that quasi-trigram had the almost same ability of modeling as the most restricted CFG when the set of plausible sentences in the task was given

An Online Evaluation System for English Pronunciation Intelligibility for Japanese English Learners

Abstract-We have previously proposed a statistical method for estimating pronunciation proficiency and intelligibility of presentations delivered in English by Japanese speakers. In an offline test, we also evaluated possibly-confused pairs of phonemes that are often mispronounced by Japanese native speaker

Impact of Sacral Surface Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation on Early Recovery of Urinary Continence after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: A Pilot Study

Objectives. To investigate whether sacral surface therapeutic electrical stimulation (SSTES) initiated during the early postoperative period would be effective towards early recovery of postprostatectomy urinary continence. Methods. A total of 35 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon were enrolled in this study. Twenty early patients began pelvic floor muscle exercise (PME). Fifteen subsequent patients received SSTES postoperatively with no instruction for PME provided. Immediate urinary function just after catheter removal was evaluated with frequency-volume chart and 24-hour pad test. Results. There were no differences between the SSTES and PME groups in maximum voided volume capacity (MVV) and urine loss ratio (ULR) on the first day after removal of urethral catheter. However, on day 3 MVV was significantly larger and ULR was also significantly lower in the SSTES group. Conclusions. SSTES treatment is feasible and appears to be effective for early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy

Clinical Study Impact of Sacral Surface Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation on Early Recovery of Urinary Continence after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: A Pilot Study

Objectives. To investigate whether sacral surface therapeutic electrical stimulation (SSTES) initiated during the early postoperative period would be effective towards early recovery of postprostatectomy urinary continence. Methods. A total of 35 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon were enrolled in this study. Twenty early patients began pelvic floor muscle exercise (PME). Fifteen subsequent patients received SSTES postoperatively with no instruction for PME provided. Immediate urinary function just after catheter removal was evaluated with frequency-volume chart and 24-hour pad test. Results. There were no differences between the SSTES and PME groups in maximum voided volume capacity (MVV) and urine loss ratio (ULR) on the first day after removal of urethral catheter. However, on day 3 MVV was significantly larger and ULR was also significantly lower in the SSTES group. Conclusions. SSTES treatment is feasible and appears to be effective for early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy

Immunization of Mice against Infection with Salmonella blegdam : Especially Protection of Mice from Typhoid Infection by Immunization with Living Rough Variants of Salmonella

It is generally known that immunization with killed bacilli has a protective effect on bacterienda. 11 But typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and anthrax, which are also accompanied with bacierienda, have been considered to be exceptional cases. For anthrax effective immunity could not be introduced with killed vaccine, though Louis Pasteur1) invented a preventive inoculation method hi 1881, until recently low virulent living organism inoculations have been considered to be the only effectivemethod, as far as anthrax is concerned. Recently Cromartie, Watson, Bloom and others2) have proved why immunization with living bacilli is the only preventive measure for anthrax. Based on their findings, it is now possible to provide protection with vaccines containing no living organisms. Thus one of the exceptional cases has been removed, leaving mechanism of immunity of typhoid diseases as the remaining problem. In typhoid and paratyphoid fever, it is statistically known that preventive inoculation with killed bacilli has lowered morbidity and lethality. But the immunity resulting from this vaccination is not as strong and effective as in immunity after recovery Moreover its effectiveness is not completely supported, either experimentally or theoretically. This Subject has been studied at a high level in our country, particular), by Kobayashi and his collabora- tors3). According to their opinion, the protective power against typhoid and paratyphoid. infectioncan be established by vaccination with living bacilli, whether in smooth or in rough type, but not with killed vaccine. However, Hazato and his collaborators4) have reported that intravenous injectionsof killed bacilli have given satisfactory protection to mice against the infection of Salmonella enteritidis I , equal to those of living bacilli. Hosoya and others5) have recently stated that immunization with theirso-called T.T.T. or T.A.T. vaccine, which contains no living bacilli, has protective effect on infectionof Salmonella enteritidis of mice and Salmonella abortus equi of guinea-pigs. Ominaga6) has denied

Low-power display system enabled by combining oxide semiconductor and neural network technologies

An oxide semiconductor (OS)-based field effect transistor (OSFET) exhibits the advantage of having an extremely low off-state current; moreover, the OSFET displays an off-state current that is ten orders of magnitude lower than that of a CMOS-FET [1]. Recently, numerous applications that harness this feature have been reported [2]. For instance, charge leakage from a data retention node of a pixel significantly decreases when the display incorporates OSFETs in its pixel circuit (OS display) [3, 4]. This minimizes degradation in the image quality when the displayed image is static despite using lower refresh rates. Consequently, the consumed power of the display driver circuit can be reduced by a large margin. This driving method is termed idling stop (IDS) driving. The OSFET’s low-leakage can also effectively enable a type of ULSICs that we term OS-large-scale integrated circuits (OSLSI) [5, 6]. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract